The convex Positivstellensatz in a free algebra
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linear matrix inequalitymoment problemPositivstellensatzfree convexityfree positivityfree real algebraic geometry
Operator spaces and completely bounded maps (46L07) Applications of functional analysis in optimization, convex analysis, mathematical programming, economics (46N10) Linear operator methods in interpolation, moment and extension problems (47A57) Semialgebraic sets and related spaces (14P10) Real algebra (13J30)
Abstract: Given a monic linear pencil L in g variables let D_L be its positivity domain, i.e., the set of all g-tuples X of symmetric matrices of all sizes making L(X) positive semidefinite. Because L is a monic linear pencil, D_L is convex with interior, and conversely it is known that convex bounded noncommutative semialgebraic sets with interior are all of the form D_L. The main result of this paper establishes a perfect noncommutative Nichtnegativstellensatz on a convex semialgebraic set. Namely, a noncommutative polynomial p is positive semidefinite on D_L if and only if it has a weighted sum of squares representation with optimal degree bounds: p = s^* s + sum_j f_j^* L f_j, where s, f_j are vectors of noncommutative polynomials of degree no greater than 1/2 deg(p). This noncommutative result contrasts sharply with the commutative setting, where there is no control on the degrees of s, f_j and assuming only p nonnegative, as opposed to p strictly positive, yields a clean Positivstellensatz so seldom that such cases are noteworthy.
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