Some linear relations between values of trigonometric functions at kπ/n
Let \(d,n,r\) be natural numbers with \(2 \leq d \mid n\). The main result of this paper gives explicit formulas for the uniquely determined rational coefficients \(a_{r,k} \in \mathbb Q\) in the linear relation \[ \cot^{(r-1)} \frac{\pi}{d} = \sum _{\substack{ 1 \leq k < n/2 \\ \gcd (k,n)=1 }} a_{r,k} \cot^{(r-1)} \frac{k \pi}{n} , \] where \(\cot^{(r-1)} x\) denotes the \((r-1)\)-st derivative of the cotangent function. The proof makes use of the character coordinates of elements of cyclotomic fields, as introduced by \textit{H.-W. Leopoldt} [J. Reine Angew. Math. 201, 119-149 (1959; Zbl 0098.03403)], which are derived from the irreducible components of the cyclotomic field when considered as a Galois module. For the numbers \(i \cot (k\pi/n) = (1+ \zeta_n^k)/(1- \zeta_n^k)\), where \(\zeta_n = \exp (2\pi i/n)\), and related cyclotomic integers, their character coordinates were explicitly calculated by the author [Manuscr. Math. 59, 375-389 (1987; Zbl 0624.12006)]. For the values of the derivatives of the tangent function at division points an anologous result is obtained.
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