scientific article; zbMATH DE number 1156707

Publication date 27 August 1998

Full work available at URL http://www.numdam.org/item?id=CTGDC_1998__39_1_63_0, https://eudml.org/doc/91601

concrete categories with forgetful functors concrete sums endomorphism monoids Hausdorff categories Hausdorff Heyting algebras and complete Heyting homomorphisms Hausdorff spaces and open continuous mappings Priestley spaces and continuous order preserving mappings symmetric directed graphs and strong homomorphisms

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Directed graphs (digraphs), tournaments (05C20) Heyting algebras (lattice-theoretic aspects) (06D20) Semigroups of transformations, relations, partitions, etc. (20M20) Representation of semigroups; actions of semigroups on sets (20M30) Connections of semigroups with homological algebra and category theory (20M50) Categorical methods in general topology (54B30) Special maps on topological spaces (open, closed, perfect, etc.) (54C10) Lower separation axioms ((T_0)--(T_3), etc.) (54D10) Transformation groups and semigroups (topological aspects) (54H15)

Review text

Let \(\mathcal K\) be a concrete category with a forgetful functor \(U\). We say that \(\mathcal K\) has concrete sums if for every finite sum \(\{\sigma_i\colon X_i\to X\mid i=1,2,\dots,n\}\) in \(\mathcal K\) we have that \(U\sigma_i\) is injective for all \(i=1,2,\dots,n\) and \(UX\) is the disjoint union of \(UX_i\) for \(i=1,2,\dots,n\). If \(n=2\) then \(X_1\) (and also \(X_2\)) is called a summand of \(X\). We say that \(\mathcal K\) is Hausdorff if it has concrete sums and satisfies the following conditions: if \(X_1\) and \(X_2\) are summands of \(X\) then there exists a summand \(Y\) of \(X\) with \(UY=UX_1\cap UX_2\); preimages of summands under \(\mathcal K\)-morphisms are summands; for any two sums \(\{\sigma_i\colon X_i\to X\mid i=1,2,\dots,n\}\), \(\{\tau_j\colon Y_j\to X\mid j=1,2,\dots,m\}\) in \(\mathcal K\) there exists a sum \(\{\nu_{i,j}\colon Z_{i,j}\to X\mid i=1,2,\dots,n,\;j=1,2,\dots,m\}\) with \(UZ_{i,j}=UX_i\cap UY_j\); for any \(\mathcal K\)-object \(X\) and any idempotent endomorphism \(h\) of \(X\) there exists a summand \(Y\) of \(X\) with \(UY=\{x\in UX\mid Uh(x)=x\}\). Let \(\mathbf T\mathbf o\mathbf p_{2,o}\) be the category of all Hausdorff spaces and their continuous open mappings, let \(\mathbf P\mathbf S\mathbf p\) be the category of all Priestley spaces and their continuous, order preserving maps, let \(\mathbf H\mathbf P\mathbf S\mathbf p\) be the dual category of the category of all Heyting algebras that are Hausdorff in the sense of Isbell and their complete Heyting homomorphisms, let \(\mathbf S\mathbf y\mathbf m\mathbf g\mathbf r\mathbf a\mathbf p\mathbf h_S\) be the category of all symmetric directed graphs and their strong homomorphisms. Then \(\mathbf T\mathbf o\mathbf p_{2,o}\), \(\mathbf P\mathbf S\mathbf p\), \(\mathbf H\mathbf P\mathbf S\mathbf p\), and \(\mathbf S\mathbf y\mathbf m\mathbf g\mathbf r\mathbf a\mathbf p\mathbf h_S\) are Hausdorff categories. The main result of the paper: If \(X\) is an object of a Hausdorff category such that the endomorphism monoid \(M\) of \(X\) is finite and commutative then \(M\) is isomorphic to \(G_0\times G^0_1\times G^0_2\times\dots\times G^0_n\) for some integer \(n\geq 0\) where \(G_0\) is an Abelian group and \(G^0_1,G^0_2,\dots,G^0_n\) are Abelian groups with added zeros. Conversely, if \(M\) is isomorphic to \(G_0\times G^0_1\times G^0_2\times\dots\times G^0_n\) for some integer \(n\geq 0\) where \(G_0\) is an Abelian group and \(G^0_1,G^0_2,\dots,G^0_n\) are Abelian groups with added zeros then for any category \(\mathcal K\) from the family \(\mathbf T\mathbf o\mathbf p_{ 2,o}\), \(\mathbf P\mathbf S\mathbf p\), \(\mathbf H\mathbf P\mathbf S\mathbf p\), \(\mathbf S\mathbf y\mathbf m\mathbf g\mathbf r\mathbf a\mathbf p\mathbf h_S\) there exists an object \(X\) in \(\mathcal K\) such that the endomorphism monoid of \(X\) is isomorphic to \(M\). It is shown that the result is not true for the infinite case because for every integer \(n>0\) a metric space \(P\) is constructed such that the monoid of all open continuous maps of \(P\) is isomorphic to the \(n\)-th power of the additive monoid of natural numbers.

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