Statistics of Earth science data. Their distribution in time, space, and orientation.
Introductory exposition (textbooks, tutorial papers, etc.) pertaining to statistics (62-01) Applications of statistics to environmental and related topics (62P12) Applications of statistics to physics (62P35) Research exposition (monographs, survey articles) pertaining to geophysics (86-02) Geostatistics (86A32)
This monograph is an introductory course in statistically processed data types in earth sciences, where large sample contemporary methods of data gathering are required. The first chapter describes data gathering problems and auxiliary subjects, such as observations independence and representativity. The second one gives the basic notions of statistics: mean values, mathematical expectations, median, mode and their generalizations, and dispersion. In Ch. 3, basic theoretical distributions are considered together with detailed examples of practical applications. Ch. 4 is devoted to statistical estimation and hypothesis testing. Here the notion of central limit theorems is introduced; further, point and interval estimation, and confidence interval constructions by bootstrap methods. Bayesian estimation and graphical analysis of correspondence to theoretic distributions are considered, and a hypothesis testing procedure in practice is described together with conclusions, interpretation and analysis of results. Ch. 5 contains comparison questions between empirical and theoretical distribution frequencies with subsequent analysis of distribution frequency curves. In Ch. 6, various forms of regression models are considered. Ch. 7 elucidates some questions of correlation and variable comparisons and confidence intervals on regression lines. Here the notion of cluster analysis is introduced; linear regression ``underwater stones are indicated, difficult for young researchers. Time series and related questions of autocorrelation and moving averages are considered in Ch. 8, together with special questions of geomagnetic secular oscillation spectral capacity and geomagnetic polarity analysis with the aid of time series. Ch. 9 is devoted to radially oriented (circular) data, basic circular samples (mean, dispersion, median, mode), to estimation and construction of confidence intervals by von Mises' model, and estimation on small or dispersive samples. Ch. 10, containing spherically oriented data, is a kind of extension and generalization of Ch. 9. Here ways of three-dimensional data visualization, representation of three-dimensional orientations, analysis of various statistical models (circular, elliptic, etc.) are given; tests for preferable directions and confidence intervals for mean directions are described. Ch. 11 is the prolongation of Ch. 10 and devoted to tensor distributions, basic tensor statistics, and to confidence intervals construction for tensor distributions. As application, second rank tensors in geology are described. The book is intended for higher course students and aspirants in all earth sciences. It will be helpful for professional researchers in data processing in electronic tables. In contrast to usual textbooks on statistics, this book includes material on sample formation, time series and oriented data up to three dimensions, and is illustrated by substantive examples.
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