A two weight inequality for the Hilbert transform assuming an energy hypothesis

DOI10.1016/J.JFA.2012.04.019MaRDI QIDQ442181zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors Michael T. Lacey, Eric T. Sawyer, Ignacio Uriarte-Tuero

Publication date 10 August 2012

Published in Journal of Functional Analysis (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/1001.4043

\(A_2\) condition energy hypothesis Hilbert transform Pivotal condition two weight inequality

Singular and oscillatory integrals (Calderón-Zygmund, etc.) (42B20) Norms (inequalities, more than one norm, etc.) of linear operators (47A30)

Abstract: Subject to a range of side conditions, the two weight inequality for the Hilbert transform is characterized in terms of (1) a Poisson A_2 condition on the weights (2) A forward testing condition, in which the two weight inequality is tested on intervals (3) and a backwards testing condition, dual to (2). A critical new concept in the proof is an Energy Condition, which incorporates information about the distribution of the weights in question inside intervals. This condition is a consequence of the three conditions above. The Side Conditions are termed 'Energy Hypotheses'. At one endpoint they are necessary for the two weight inequality, and at the other, they are the Pivotal Conditions of Nazarov-Treil-Volberg. This new concept is combined with a known proof strategy devised by Nazarov-Treil-Volberg. A counterexample shows that the Pivotal Condition are not necessary for the two weight inequality.

Review text

Let \(\omega\) and \(\sigma\) be two weight functions. For an interval \(I\), set NEWLINE\[NEWLINEE(I,\omega):=\left\{\mathbb{E}_I^{\omega(dx)}\left[\mathbb{E}_I^{\omega(dy)} \frac{x-y}{|I|}\right]^2\right\}^{1/2},NEWLINE\]NEWLINE where NEWLINE\[NEWLINE\mathbb{E}_I^{\omega(dx)}f:=\frac1{\omega(I)}\int_If(x)\omega(dx)NEWLINE\]NEWLINE with \(\omega(I):=\int_I\omega(dx)\) and \(P(I,\omega):=\int_\mathbb{R}\frac{|I|}{(|I|+\mathrm{dist}(x,I))^2}\omega(dx)\). For all intervals \(I\subset\mathbb{R}\) and measurable sets \(J\subset \mathbb{R}\), define the functional \(\Phi(I,J):=\omega(I)E(I,\omega)^2P(I,\chi_J\sigma)^2\), and for fixed \(\gamma,\;\varepsilon\in(0,\infty)\), define the functional \(\Psi_{\gamma,\varepsilon}\) by NEWLINE\[NEWLINE\Psi_{\gamma,\varepsilon}(I,J):=\sup_{I\supset\bigcup_{s\geq1}I_s} \left[\inf_{s\geq1}\left(\frac{|I|}{|I_s|}\right)^\gamma\right] \sum_{s\geq1}\Phi(I_s,J),NEWLINE\]NEWLINE where the supremum is taken over all \(\varepsilon\)-good subpartitions \(\{I_s\}_{s\geq1}\) of \(I\), which means that \(\{I_s\}_{s\geq1}\) is a subpartition of \(I\) satisfying that \(\mathop{\mathrm{dist}}(I_s,e(I))>\frac12|I_s|^\varepsilon|I|^{1-\varepsilon}\), where \(e([a,b]):=\{a,b,\frac{a+b}2\}\). Weights \(\omega\) and \(\sigma\) are said to satisfy the \(A_2\) condition if NEWLINE\[NEWLINE\left[\int_I\left(\frac{|I|}{|I|+|x-x_I|}\right)^2\,\omega(dx) \int_I\left(\frac{|I|}{|I|+|x-x_I|}\right)^2\,\sigma(dx)\right]^{1/2} \leq C|I|,NEWLINE\]NEWLINE where \(x_I\) is the center of the interval \(I\). For a signed measure \(\omega\) on \(\mathbb{R}\), define the Hilbert transform \(H\omega\) of \(\omega\) by, for all \(x\in\mathbb{R}\), \(H\omega(x):=\text{p.\,v.}\int_\mathbb{R}\frac 1{x-y}\,\omega(dy)\) with usual principal value integral. Weights \(\omega\) and \(\sigma\) are said to satisfy the two testing conditions if for all intervals \(I\) in \(\mathbb{R}\), \(\int_I [H(\chi_I\sigma)(x)]^2\,d\omega(x)\leq C\int_I\,d\sigma(x)\) and \(\int_I [H(\chi_I\omega)(x)]^2\,d\sigma(x)\leq C\int_I\,d\omega(x)\).NEWLINENEWLINEIn this paper, the authors provethe following: Let \(\omega\) and \(\sigma\) be locally finite positive Borel measures on the real line having no point masses in common, namely, \(\omega(\{x\})\sigma(\{x\})=0\) for all \(x\in\mathbb{R}\). Assume that there exist \(\gamma\in(0,\infty)\) and \(\varepsilon\in(0,1)\) such that \(\omega\) and \(\sigma\) satisfy the following Energy Hypothesis, NEWLINE\[NEWLINE\sum_{s\geq1}\Psi_{\gamma,\varepsilon}(I_s,I)\leq[\mathcal{F}_{\gamma,\varepsilon}]^2 \sigma(I)\quad \mathrm{and}\quad \sum_{s\geq1}\Psi_{\gamma,\varepsilon}(I_s,I) \leq[\mathcal{F}_{\gamma,\varepsilon}^{\ast}]^2 \omega(I)NEWLINE\]NEWLINE with \(\mathcal{F}_{\gamma,\varepsilon}<\infty\) and \(\mathcal{F}_{\gamma,\varepsilon}^\ast<\infty\), for all \(\varepsilon\)-good subpartitions \(\{I_s\}_{s\geq 1}\) of \(I\). Then the two weight inequality NEWLINE\[NEWLINE\|H(\sigma f)\|_{L^2(\omega)}\leq C\|f\|_{L^2(\sigma)}NEWLINE\]NEWLINE holds if and only if the pair \((\omega,\sigma)\) of weights satisfies the \(A_2\) condition and the testing conditions. Moreover, the authors exhibit a pair of weights which satisfy the two weight inequality, yet they do not satisfy the Pivotal Condition of Nazarov-Treil-Volberg, which implies that the Pivotal Condition is not necessary for the two weight inequality.

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