A phase transition phenomenon between the isometric and isomorphic extension problems for Hölder functions betweenLpspaces
The author studies the possibility to extend Hölder maps \(f: D\subseteq L_p\to L_q\) from subsets \(D\) of \(L_p\) to Hölder maps \(\widetilde f: L_p\to L_q\), for \(1<p,q\leq 2\). Let \(X\) and \(Y\) be two metric spaces, and let \(f: D\subseteq X\to Y\) be an \(\alpha\)-Hölder map with constant \(K\). An \(\alpha\)-Hölder function \(\widetilde f: X\to Y\) is an isometric (resp. \(C\)-isomorphic) extension of \(f\) if \(f\) is the restriction of \(\widetilde f\) to \(D\) and the \(\alpha\)-Hölder constant of \(\widetilde f\) is \(K\) (resp., is \(\leq CK\)). \({\mathcal B}(X,Y)\) is the set of all \(\alpha>0\) such that there is a constant \(C>0\) such that, for every \(D\subseteq X\), every \(\alpha\)-Hölder map \(f: D\to Y\) has a \(C\)-isomorphic extension; \({\mathcal A}(X,Y)\) is the subset of \({\mathcal B}(X,Y)\) for which one can take the constant \(C=1\) (i.e., all the \(f\)'s have an isometric extension). The main result is that, for \(1<p,q\leq 2\), one has, where \(q^\ast=q/(q-1)\): (1)~\({\mathcal A}(L_p,L_q)=\,]0,p/q^\ast]\); (2)~\({\mathcal B}(L_p,L_q)=\,]0,p/2]\); (3)~for any \(p/2<\alpha\leq 1\), there is an \(\alpha\)-Hölder function from a subset of the unit ball of \(L_p\) to \(L_q\) which has no isomorphic extension to the unit ball of \(L_p\). For \(1<q<2\), one has \(p/2>p/q^\ast\): this is the phase transition phenomenon. This phenomenon does not appear for \(1<p\leq 2\leq q<\infty\): for these values, the author proves that \({\mathcal A}(L_p,L_q)={\mathcal B}(L_p,L_q)=\,]0, p/q]\). Part 1 of the main result can actually be found in [\textit{J. H. Wells} and \textit{L. R. Williams}, Embeddings and extensions in analysis (1975; Zbl 0324.46034); see also \textit{L. Williams}, \textit{J. H. Wells} and \textit{T. L. Hayden}, Stud. Math. 39, 29--38 (1971; Zbl 0215.19902)], but the author gives a simplified proof. To prove that \({\mathcal A}(L_p,L_q)\subseteq \,]0, p/q^\ast]\), he uses the map \(f: \{e_1,\ldots,e_n\}\to L_q(\{-1,1\}^n)\) defined by \(f(e_j)=r_j\), where \((e_1,\dots, e_n)\) is the canonical basis of \(\ell_p^n\) and \(r_1,\dots,r_n\) the Rademacher function, and then uses a probabilistic estimate on the \(r_j\)'s (Lemma 2). To prove that \(]0, p/q^\ast]\subseteq {\mathcal A}(L_p,L_q)\), the author uses again several probabilistic inequalities to obtain an intersection property for balls, which allows him to extend the function by induction (Zorn's lemma). To prove Part 2, the author begins to show the surprisingly nontrivial fact that \(\alpha\in {\mathcal B}(X,Y)\) and \(\beta\leq \alpha\) imply that \(\beta\in {\mathcal B}(X,Y)\) for every metric space \(X\) and every dual Banach space \(Y\) (the author says at the end of his paper that \textit{Yu. Brudnyi} and \textit{P. Shvartsman} [Geom. Funct. Anal. 12, No. 1, 73--79 (2002; Zbl 1011.46037)], have removed the dual assumption on \(Y\)). The proof uses then the notion of Markov type of metric spaces \(X\), introduced by \textit{K. Ball} [Geom. Funct. Anal. 2, No. 2, 137--172 (1992; Zbl 0788.46050)] (this notion is defined by using Markov chains in \(X\)). Using results of Ball's quoted paper, he shows that every Lipschitz function \(f: D\to L_q\) from a subset \(D\) of a metric space \(X\) with Markov type \(2\) into \(L_q\), \(1<q\leq 2\) can be extended to all of \(X\), with a control on the Lipschitz constant, and he gives a direct proof that, for \(1<p<2\), \(L_p\) has Markov type \(\alpha\) with constant \(1\), for \(0<\alpha\leq p\). Subsequent work of the author on the subject can be found in \textit{A. Naor}, \textit{Yu. Peres}, \textit{O. Schramm} and \textit{S. Sheffield} [Markov chains in smooth Banach spaces and Gromov hyperbolic metric spaces, see \texttt{http://arXiv.org/abs/math.FA/0410422]}. They show, in particular, that for \(1<q<2<p<\infty\), any Lipschitz map from a subset of \(L_p\) to \(L_q\) has a Lipschitz extension to \(L_p\).
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