Infinite bubbling in non-Kählerian geometry

DOI10.1007/S00208-011-0713-9MaRDI QIDQ443937zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors Georges Dloussky, Andrei Teleman

Publication date 13 August 2012

Published in Mathematische Annalen (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/1012.5247

Borel-Moore homology class VII surface Global spherical shell GSS conjecture

Deformations of complex structures (32G05) Compact complex surfaces (32J15) Topological aspects of complex manifolds (32Q55) Classification theorems for complex manifolds (32Q57)

Abstract: In a holomorphic family

(X_{b})_{b i n B}

of non-K"ahlerian compact manifolds, the holomorphic curves representing a fixed 2-homology class do not form a proper family in general. The deep source of this fundamental difficulty in non-K"ahler geometry is the {it explosion of the area} phenomenon: the area of a curve

C_{b} s u b s e t X_{b}

in a fixed 2-homology class can diverge as

b o b_{0}

. This phenomenon occurs frequently in the deformation theory of class VII surfaces. For instance it is well known that any minimal GSS surface

X_{0}

is a degeneration of a 1-parameter family of simply blown up primary Hopf surfaces

(X_{z})_{z i n D s e t m i n u s 0}

, so one obtains non-proper families of exceptional divisors

E_{z} s u b s e t X_{z}

whose area diverge as

z o 0

. Our main goal is to study in detail this non-properness phenomenon in the case of class VII surfaces. We will prove that, under certain technical assumptions, a lift

w i d e t i l d e E_{z}

of

E_{z}

in the universal cover

w i d e t i l d e X_{z}

does converge to an effective divisor

w i d e t i l d e E_{0}

in

w i d e t i l d e X_{0}

, but this limit divisor is not compact. We prove that this limit divisor is always bounded towards the pseudo-convex end of

w i d e t i l d e X_{0}

and that, when

X_{0}

is a a minimal surface with global spherical shell, it is given by an infinite series of {it compact} rational curves, whose coefficients can be computed explicitly. This phenomenon - degeneration of a family of compact curves to an infinite union of compact curves - should be called {it infinite bubbling}. We believe that such a decomposition result holds for any family of class VII surfaces whose generic fiber is a blown up primary Hopf surface. This statement would have important consequences for the classification of class VII surfaces.

Review text

The classification of compact complex surfaces of class VII would be complete if one could prove the GSS conjecture that every minimal class VII surface \(X\) with \(b_2(X)>0\) contains a global spherical shell (GSS). It is equivalent to show that \(X\) contains \(b_2(X)\) rational curves, see [\textit{G. Dloussky, K. Oeljeklaus} and \textit{M. Toma}, Tohoku Math. J., II. Ser. 55, No. 2, 283--309 (2003; Zbl 1034.32012)]. Deformation theory of class VII surfaces seems to be a natural tool to attack this problem, but in holomorphic families of non-Kählerian manifolds specific phenomena may occur which are obstacles to establishing useful deformation invariants. Examples show that in a holomorphic family \((X_b)_{b\in B}\) of class VII surfaces the rational curves representing a fixed 2-homology class need not form a proper family. The area of a curve \(C_b\subset X_b\) in a fixed 2-homology class may tend to infinity as \(b\rightarrow b_0\). This is not a contradiction to the consequence of the above conjecture that all class VII surfaces in a holomorphic family have the same number of rational curves. A deeper understanding of this phenomenon seems indispensable for solving the classification problem for class VII surfaces. The article under review makes a significant contribution to this project. It presents a detailed and thorough analysis of the area-exploding phenomenon in holomorphic families \({\mathfrak X}=(X_z)_{z\in B}\) of class VII surfaces with \(b_2(X_z)>0\) and GSS over the unit ball \(B\) in \(\mathbb C^r\). This is done by lifting homology classes from \({\mathfrak X}\) to its universal cover \(\tilde{\mathfrak X}=(\tilde{X_z})_{z\in B}\). The fiber \(\tilde {X_z}\) has two ends, a pseudoconvex and a pseudoconcave end. For \(b\in B\) let \(e_b\in H_2(X_b,\mathbb Z)\) with \(e_b\cdot e_b=-1=\big(e_b,-c_1(X_b)\big)\) and \(e:=(e_b)_{b\in B}\). For any lift \(\tilde{e}\) of \(e\) to \(\tilde{\mathfrak X}\) there exists an effective divisor \(\tilde{{\mathfrak E}}\subset\tilde{\mathfrak X}\) flat over \(B\) with the following property: If \(X_b\) contains an exceptional curve \(E_b\) representing \(e_b\) then the fiber \(\tilde{E_b}\subset{\mathfrak E}\) is a lift of \(E_b\). If \(X_b\) does not contain an exceptional effective divisor representing \(e_b\) then the fiber \(\tilde{E_b}\subset{\mathfrak E}\) is a series of compact curves escaping to infinity towards the pseudoconcave end of \(\tilde{X_b}\). These divisors represent elements of the second Borel-Moore homology group. The authors describe the phenomenon as infinite bubbling and discuss its consequences for the classification of class VII surfaces.

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