Bäcklund transformations and loop group actions

DOI10.1002/(SICI)1097-0312(200001)53:1%3C1::AID-CPA1%3E3.0.CO;2-UzbMATH Open1031.37064arXivmath/9805074OpenAlexW2615835067MaRDI QIDQ4487947FDOQ4487947

Authors: Chuu-Lian Terng, Karen Uhlenbeck 

Publication date: 25 June 2000

Abstract: We construct a local action of the group of rational maps from $S^2$ to $GL(n,C)$ on local solutions of flows of the ZS-AKNS $sl(n,C)$-hierarchy. We show that the actions of simple elements (linear fractional transformations) give local B"acklund transformations, and we derive a permutability formula from different factorizations of a quadratic element. We prove that the action of simple elements on the vacuum may give either global smooth solutions or solutions with singularities. However, the action of the subgroup of the rational maps that satisfy the U(n)-reality condition $$ on the space of global rapidly decaying solutions of the flows in the $u(n)$-hierarchy is global, and the action of a simple element gives a global B"acklund transformation. The actions of certain elements in the rational loop group on the vacuum give rise to explicit time periodic multi-solitons (multi-breathers). We show that this theory generalizes the classical B"acklund theory of the sine-Gordon equation. The group structures of B"acklund transformations for various hierarchies are determined by their reality conditions. We identify the reality conditions (the group structures) for the $sl(n,R)$, $u(k,n-k)$, KdV, Kupershmidt-Wilson, and Gel'fand-Dikii hierarchies. The actions of linear fractional transformations that satisfies a reality condition, modulo the center of the group of rational maps, gives B"acklund and Darboux transformations for the hierarchy defined by the reality condition. Since the factorization cannot always be carried out under these reality condition, the action is again local, and B"acklund transformations only generate local solutions for these hierarchies unless singular solutions are allowed.

Full work available at URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/math/9805074

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zbMATH Keywords

integrable systemsKdVloop groupsNLSdressing actionsimple elementsBäcklund transformationsBianchi permutability theoremsZS-AKNS

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Loop groups and related constructions, group-theoretic treatment (22E67) KdV equations (Korteweg-de Vries equations) (35Q53) Relations of infinite-dimensional Hamiltonian and Lagrangian dynamical systems with infinite-dimensional Lie algebras and other algebraic structures (37K30) Lie-Bäcklund and other transformations for infinite-dimensional Hamiltonian and Lagrangian systems (37K35) Applications of Lie algebras and superalgebras to integrable systems (17B80)

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• Integration of nonlinear equations of mathematical physics by the method of inverse scattering. II
• Hamiltonian Hierarchies on Semisimple Lie Algebras

Cited In (only showing first 100 items - show all)

• Splitting strings on integrable backgrounds
• The \(n \times n\) KdV hierarchy
• Geometric curve flows and integrable systems
• Exact solutions of a negative matrix AKNS system with a Hermitian symmetric space
• Bubbletons are not embedded
• Simple factor dressing and the López-Ros deformation of minimal surfaces in Euclidean 3-space
• Asymptotic behavior for elliptic problems with singular coefficient and nearly critical Sobolev growth
• Darboux transformation for nonlinear Schrödinger type hierarchies
• Darboux transforms for the \(\hat{B}_n^{(1)}\)-hierarchy
• Simple factor dressings and Bianchi-Bäcklund transformations
• Complete integrability of shock clustering and Burgers turbulence
• Definite affine spheres and loop groups
• Isothermic submanifolds
• Novel rogue waves and dynamics in the integrable pair-transition-coupled nonlinear Schrödinger equation
• The symmetries of solitons
• Transformations and singularities of polarized curves
• Survey on real forms of the complex \(A_2^{(2)}\)-Toda equation and surface theory
• Darboux transformation and classification of solution for mixed coupled nonlinear Schrödinger equations
• The Riemann problem and matrix-valued potentials with a convergent Baker-Akhiezer function
• Vector rational and semi-rational rogue waves for the coupled cubic-quintic nonlinear Schrödinger system in a non-Kerr medium
• KdV GEOMETRIC FLOWS ON KÄHLER MANIFOLDS
• Infinitely many radial solutions to elliptic problems with critical Sobolev and Hardy terms
• Beak-shaped rogue waves for a higher-order coupled nonlinear Schrödinger system with \(4 \times 4\) Lax pair
• Solitons for the Schrödinger flows on Hermitian symmetric spaces
• High‐Order Soliton Solution of Landau–Lifshitz Equation
• A generalized integrable lattice hierarchy related to the Ablowitz–Ladik lattice: Conservation law, Darboux transformation and exact solution
• The \(n\)-component nonlinear Schrödinger equations: dark-bright mixed \(N\)- and high-order solitons and breathers, and dynamics
• Solitons and dynamics for the integrable nonlocal pair-transition-coupled nonlinear Schrödinger equation
• Mean-convex Alexandrov embedded constant mean curvature tori in the 3-sphere
• Bianchi-Bäcklund transforms and dressing actions, revisited
• Conformally flat submanifolds in spheres and integrable systems
• On the dressing method for the generalised Zakharov-Shabat system
• Three types of Darboux transformation and general soliton solutions for the space-shifted nonlocal \(\mathcal{PT}\) symmetric nonlinear Schrödinger equation
• Initial value problems of the sine-Gordon equation and geometric solutions
• Three-wave resonant interactions: multi-dark-dark-dark solitons, breathers, rogue waves, and their interactions and dynamics
• The algebraic representation for high order solution of Sasa-Satsuma equation
• Bäcklund theorems in three-dimensional de Sitter space and anti-de Sitter space
• Minimal surfaces under constrained Willmore transformation
• Multi-dark-dark solitons of the integrable repulsive AB system via the determinants
• Multi-component nonlinear Schrödinger equations with nonzero boundary conditions: higher-order vector Peregrine solitons and asymptotic estimates
• Spectral deformation and Bäcklund transformation of constrained Willmore surfaces
• Darboux transformations for the \(\hat{A}_{2n}^{(2)}\)-KdV hierarchy
• Dressing preserving the fundamental group
• Central affine curve flow on the plane
• The general coupled Hirota equations: modulational instability and higher-order vector rogue wave and multi-dark soliton structures
• Modulational instability, beak-shaped rogue waves, multi-dark-dark solitons and dynamics in pair-transition-coupled nonlinear Schrödinger equations
• Ribaucour transformations for isometric immersions of pseudo-Riemannian space forms
• A spectral curve approach to Lawson symmetric CMC surfaces of genus 2
• Darboux transformations for super-Schrödinger equation, super-Dirac equation and their exact solutions
• Novel higher-order rational solitons and dynamics of the defocusing integrable nonlocal nonlinear Schrödinger equation via the determinants
• Twisted hierarchies associated with the generalized sine-Gordon equation
• Semi-rational vector rogon-soliton solutions of the five-component Manakov/NLS system with mixed backgrounds
• Isothermic submanifolds of symmetric \(R\)-spaces
• Multi-soliton, multi-breather and higher order rogue wave solutions to the complex short pulse equation
• Completely integrable curve flows on adjoint orbits
• Solitons, breathers and rogue waves in the coupled nonlocal reverse-time nonlinear Schrödinger equations
• Holomorphic solutions of soliton equations
• Generators for rational loop groups
• Applications of quaternionic holomorphic geometry to minimal surfaces
• Three-component nonlinear Schrödinger equations: modulational instability, \(N\)th-order vector rational and semi-rational rogue waves, and dynamics
• Higher-order conservation laws for the nonlinear Poisson equation via characteristic cohomology
• Darboux transforms and simple factor dressing of constant mean curvature surfaces
• General soliton solutions to a coupled Fokas-Lenells equation
• Soliton Equations and Their Holomorphic Solutions
• A discrete generalized coupled dispersionless integrable system and its multisoliton solutions
• Tau functions and Virasoro actions for soliton hierarchies
• Hamiltonian evolution of curves in classical affine geometries
• Asymptotics of ends of constant mean curvature surfaces with bubbletons
• Willmore deformations between minimal surfaces in \(\mathbb{H}^{n+2}\) and \(\mathbb{S}^{n+2}\)
• Darboux transformation and solitonic solution to the coupled complex short pulse equation
• Projective loops generate rational loop groups
• Remarks on the local version of the inverse scattering method
• Factorization problems on rational loop groups, and the Poisson geometry of Yang-Baxter maps
• \(N\)-soliton solution and soliton resonances for the \((2+1)\)-dimensional inhomogeneous Gardner equation
• Dynamics of the smooth positons of the complex modified KdV equation
• Bounded multi-soliton solutions and their asymptotic analysis for the reversal-time nonlocal nonlinear Schrödinger equation
• On the geometry of star-shaped curves in \(\mathbb{R}^n\)
• Classical Yang-Baxter equation, Lagrangian multiforms and ultralocal integrable hierarchies
• Integrable flows on null curves in the anti-de Sitter 3-space
• Kadomtsev-Petviashvili equation: one-constraint method and lump pattern
• On the modified constrained Kadomtsev-Petviashvili equations
• BÄCKLUND TRANSFORMATIONS AND LAX PAIRS FOR THE NONLINEAR KLEIN–GORDON EQUATION WITH SYMBOLIC COMPUTATION
• Large and infinite-order solitons of the coupled nonlinear Schrödinger equation
• Vector semi-rational rogon-solitons and asymptotic analysis for any multi-component Hirota equations with mixed backgrounds
• Solitons for the coupled matrix nonlinear Schrödinger-type equations and the related Schrödinger flow
• Darboux transformation and novel solutions for the long wave-short wave model
• Soliton interactions and Yang–Baxter maps for the complex coupled short‐pulse equation
• Ground state solution for the Schrödinger equation with Hardy potential and critical Sobolev exponent
• The robust inverse scattering method for focusing Ablowitz-Ladik equation on the non-vanishing background
• Large-time lump patterns of Kadomtsev-Petviashvili I equation in a plasma analyzed via vector one-constraint method
• Minimal \(n\)-noids in hyperbolic and anti-De Sitter 3-space
• Periodic Cauchy problem of Heisenberg ferromagnet and its geometric framework
• On the inverse scattering transform to the discrete Hirota equation with nonzero boundary conditions
• Explicit solutions to a nonlocal 2-component complex modified Korteweg-de Vries equation
• Asymptotic analysis of high-order solitons for the Hirota equation
• Rational vector rogue waves for the \(n\)-component Hirota equation with non-zero backgrounds
• Dark-dark solitons, soliton molecules and elastic collisions in the mixed three-level coupled Maxwell-Bloch equations
• Dynamic behaviors of mixed localized solutions for the three-component coupled Fokas-Lenells system
• Fokas-Lenells equation: three types of Darboux transformation and multi-soliton solutions
• Semi-rational vector rogon-soliton solutions and asymptotic analysis for any \(n\)-component nonlinear Schrödinger equation with mixed boundary conditions

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