scientific article; zbMATH DE number 1751944
Smooth ergodic theory, invariant measures for smooth dynamical systems (37C40) Thermodynamic formalism, variational principles, equilibrium states for dynamical systems (37D35) Dynamical systems of geometric origin and hyperbolicity (geodesic and horocycle flows, etc.) (37D40) Geodesic flows in symplectic geometry and contact geometry (53D25)
Let \(V\) be a compact Riemannian manifold with unit tangent bundle \(SV\) and geodesic flow \(\{\varphi_t\}\), and let \(V\) have negative sectional curvature. Let \({\mathfrak M}_1(SV)\) denote the space of probability measures on \(SV\). For each measure \(\mu\) in \({\mathfrak M}_1(SV)\) one has an asymptotic cycle \([\mu]\in H_1(V,\mathbb{R})\) defined by \(\langle[\omega], [\mu]\rangle= \int_{SV}\omega(v)\,d\mu(v)\) where \([\omega]\in H^1(V,\mathbb{R})\) is the cohomology class determined by a closed 1-form \(\omega\). Let \(C\) denote the compact, convex subset of \(H_1(V,\mathbb{R})\) given by \(\{[\mu]: \mu\in{\mathfrak M}_1(SV)\}\). For each \(\gamma\in\Gamma\), the set of closed geodesics of \(V\), one defines the ``rotation number \([m_\gamma]\in H_1(V,\mathbb{R})\), where \(m_\gamma\) denotes the probability measure in \(SV\)-associated to \(\gamma\). If \(\ell(\gamma)\) is the length of \(\gamma\) and \([\gamma]\in H_1(V,\mathbb{Z})\) is the homology class determined by \(\gamma\), then \([\gamma]/\ell(\gamma)= [m_\gamma]\). The author considers the following problem: Fix an element \(\xi\in C\) and study the closed geodesics \(\gamma\) whose rotation number is close to \(\xi\). For every \(\xi\in C\) and \(\alpha\in H_1(V,\mathbb{R})\) one defines a growth function \(\pi(\xi,\alpha, T)= \#\{\gamma\in \Gamma: T-1\leq \ell(\gamma)\leq T, [\gamma]= [T\xi]+ \alpha\}\). The case that \(\xi\in \text{Int}(C)\) has been studied by Lalley and Babillot-Ledrappier, who showed that \(\pi(\xi,\alpha, T)\) grows exponentially with a growth exponent that is an explicit function of \(H(\xi)= \sup\{h_\varphi(\mu): [\mu]= \xi\}\). Here, \(H_\varphi(\mu)\) denotes the \(\mu\)-metric entropy of the geodesic flow \(\{\varphi_t\}\). (The author has improved this result in the case that \(\dim V =2\).) Moreover, if \([\mu]\in C\) is close to \(\xi\), then the closed geodesics belonging to \([\mu]\) are dense in \(SV\). The primary focus of the author is when \(\xi\in\partial C\). Here, each face of the boundary of \(C\) may be described as \(F_\omega= \{\xi\in C>\langle[\omega], [\xi]\rangle= 1\}\) for a suitably normalized closed 1-form \(\omega\). Each face \(F_\omega\) determines two compact \(\{\varphi_t\}\)-invariant subsets \(M_\omega\) and \(A_\omega\) of \(SV\) due to Mather and Aubry, respectively. Now, assume henceforth that \(\dim V= 2\). Work of Fathi shows that \(A_\omega\) is the union of \(M_\omega\) and a finite number of \(\{\varphi_t\}\) orbits that spiral toward the components of \(M_\omega\). The author shows that if \(\xi\in F\subseteq \partial C\), then \(\pi(\xi,\alpha, T)\) grows at most polynomially in \(T\) if \(M_\omega\) contains only periodic orbits. For closed geodesics \(\gamma\) such that \([m_\gamma]\) lies close to the face \(F_\omega\), the author also considers the growth function \(\pi(\omega, A,T)= \#\{\gamma\in \Gamma:\ell(\gamma)\leq T,\langle[\omega], [\gamma]\rangle\geq T-A\}\). The results are as follows: a) If \(A_\omega= M_\omega\) and \(M_\omega\) contains only periodic orbits, then \(\pi(\omega,A,T)\) grows at most polynomially in \(T\) for all \(A> 0\). b) If \(A_\omega\neq M_\omega\), then for all \(A> 0\) there exists a sequence \(\{T_n\}\to\infty\) such that \(\pi(\omega,A,T_n)\) grows faster than any polynomial in \(T_n\). c) If \(M_\omega\) contains a nonperiodic minimal set, then for each \(\varepsilon\in (0,1)\) and each neighborhood \(W\) of \(M_\omega\) the growth function \(T\to\#\{\gamma\in W:\ell(\gamma)\leq T,\langle[\omega], [\gamma]\rangle\geq (1-\varepsilon)T\}\) is exponential. For the entire collection see [Zbl 0981.00005].
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