scientific article; zbMATH DE number 1752494
The authors investigate the topology of the discriminant of stable perturbations \(f_t\) of multi-germs \(f:({\mathbb K}^n,S) \to ({\mathbb K}^p,0)\) with \(n \geq p-1\) (when \(n=p-1\) discriminant means image), where \(S \subset{\mathbb K}^n\) is a finite set, and where \({\mathbb K}={\mathbb R}\) or \(\mathbb C\). When \({\mathbb K}={\mathbb C}\), the discriminant \(D(f_t)\) has the homotopy type of a wedge of \((p-1)\)-spheres [\textit{J. Damon} and \textit{D. Mond}, Invent. Math. 106, No. 2, 217-242 (1991; Zbl 0772.32023); \textit{D. Mond}, Lect. Notes Math. 1462, 221-234 (1991; Zbl 0745.32020)]. The number of these spheres is called the discriminant Milnor number when \(n\geq p\) and the image Milnor number when \(n=p-1\), and denoted \(\mu_\Delta\) and \(\mu_I\) respectively. When \(n \geq p\) and \((n,p)\) are in Mather's range of nice dimensions [\textit{J. N. Mather}, Proc. Liverpool Singularities-Symp. 1969-1970, 207-253 (1971; Zbl 0211.56105)], it is known (Damon and Mond, loc. cit.) that \(\mu_\Delta(f)\) and the \({\mathcal A}_e\)- codimension of \(f\) satisfy the Milnor-Tjurina relation: \[ \mu_\Delta(f) \geq {\mathcal {A}}_e\text{-codimension} (f) \] with equality if \(f\) is weighted homogeneous in some coordinate system. In case \(n=p-1\), the same relation, with \(\mu_I\) in place of \(\mu_\Delta\), is only known to hold when \(n=1\) [\textit{D. Mond}, Math. Proc. Camb. Philos. Soc. 117, No. 2, 213-222 (1995; Zbl 0869.57027)] and \(n=2\) [\textit{T. de Jong} and \textit{D. van Straten}, Lect. Notes Math. 1462, 199-211 (1991; Zbl 0734.32020) and \textit{D. Mond}, loc. cit.], and there is evidence that it holds in higher dimensions as well [\textit{K. Houston} and \textit{N. Kirk}, Lond. Math. Soc. Lect. Notes Ser. 263, 325-351 (1999; Zbl 0945.58030)]. Let \(g:(\mathbb R^n,S)\to (\mathbb R^p,0)\) be a real analytic map germ of finite \(\mathcal {A}\)-codimension, with a stable perturbation \(g_t\). Suppose also that the complexification \(g_{\mathbb C,t}\) of \(g_t\) is a stable perturbation of the complexification \(g_\mathbb C\) of \(g\). By definition \(g_t\) is a good real perturbation of \(g\) if \(\text{rank} H_{p-1} (D(g_t);\mathbb{Z})=\text{rank} H_{p-1}(D(g_{\mathbb{\mathbb C},t});\mathbb{Z})\) (in which case the inclusion of real in complex induces an isomorphism on the vanishing homology of the discriminant). The authors state the following conjectures: Conjecture I. The Milnor-Tjurina relation holds in all nice dimensions \((n,n+1)\). Conjecture II. For every \({\mathcal A}_e\)-codimension 1 equivalence class of map-germs in the nice dimensions, there exists a real form with a good real perturbation. That is, the vanishing topology of all codimension 1 complex singularities is visible over \(\mathbb{\mathbb R}\). Conjecture II holds for mono-germs of maps \(\mathbb C^n\to\mathbb C^p\) (with \(n\geq p\) and \((n,p)\) nice dimensions) of corank 1 [\textit{D. Mond}, Prog. Math. 134, 259-276 (1996; Zbl 0851.32033)], and for germs of maps \(\mathbb C^2\to\mathbb C^3\) [\textit{V. V. Goryunov}, Funct. Anal. Appl. 25, 174-180 (1991; Zbl 0744.32019)]. Note that every real germ \(\mathbb C\to\mathbb C^2\) has a good real perturbation [\textit{N. A'Campo}, Math. Ann. 213, 1-32 (1975; Zbl 0316.14011); \textit{S. M. Gusein-Zade}, Funct. Anal. Appl. 8, 295-300 (1974; Zbl 0309.14006)], but once \(n>1\), map-germs \(\mathbb C^n\to\mathbb C^{n+1}\) with good real perturbations become the exception [\textit{W. L. Marar} and \textit{D. Mond}, Topology 35, No. 1, 157-165 (1996; Zbl 0870.32013)]. The main results in this paper provide evidence for both conjectures. Theorem 7.2. Every multi-germ \(f:(\mathbb C^n,S)\to (\mathbb C^{n+1},0)\) of corank 1 and \({\mathcal A}_e\)-codimension 1 has \(\mu_I(f)=1\). Theorem 7.3. Every \({\mathcal A}\)-equivalence class of multi-germ \(f:(\mathbb C^n,S)\to(\mathbb C^p,0)\) (\(n\geq p-1, (n,p)\) nice dimensions) of corank 1 and \({\mathcal A}_e\)-codimension 1 has a real form with a good real perturbation. Moreover the proofs give as well an inductive classification of multi-germs of codimension 1.
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