scientific article; zbMATH DE number 1788114
This is an expository paper concerning a bound \(|S_N|\) for sums of Vinogradov's type \[ S_N=\sum _{p\leq N}\chi (f(p)), \] where \(\chi \) is a non-principal Dirichlet character modulo \(q\), the power of a prime, \(f(x)\) is a monic polynomial of positive degree and \(p\) runs over primes. The author lists known results in chronological order, starting with \textit{A. I. Vinogradov}'s basic bound [Rec. Math. Moscow, Nouv. Sér. (Mat. Sb.) 3, 311-319 (1938; Zbl 0019.15401)] \[ |S_N|\leq \pi (N)q^{-\delta } \] for \(f(x)=x+a\), \(a\not \equiv 0\pmod q\), \(N\geq q^{1+\varepsilon }\), and \(q\geq q_1(\varepsilon)>0\). Here \(\delta =\delta (\varepsilon)>0\) and \(\pi (N)\) is the number of primes \(\leq N\). Then he gives Vinogradov's improvement [Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Ser. Mat. 16, 197-210 (1952; Zbl 0049.03204)] of \(N\geq q^{1+\varepsilon }\) to \(N\geq q^{0.75+\varepsilon }\), his own improvement [Math. USSR, Izv. 4, 19-29, 303-326 (1970); translation from Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Ser. Mat. 34, 20-30, 299-321 (1970; Zbl 0246.10020, Zbl 0246.10021)] to \(N\geq q^{0.5+\varepsilon }\) and its bound [Sov. Math., Dokl. 19, 61-63 (1978); translation from Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 238, 524-526 (1978; Zbl 0392.10037)] of \(|S_N|\) for \(f(x)=(x+a)(x+b)\), \(a\not \equiv b\pmod q\), \(N\geq q^{0.75+\varepsilon }\). Starting in 1968, in a series of papers, the author studied the double sum \[ W=\sum _{x\in X}\sum _{y\in Y}\chi (x+y), \] where \(X\) and \(Y\) are arbitrary sets of positive integers less than \(q\) and obtained \[ |W|\leq |X||Y|q^{-\delta }, \] where \(|X|\) and \(|Y|\) are the numbers of terms in \(X\) and \(Y\), respectively, \(|X|\geq q^{0.5+\varepsilon }\), \(|Y|\geq q^{\varepsilon }\) and \(\varepsilon >0\) (for the recent author's result [cf. Sov. Math., Dokl. 44, 145-148 (1992); translation from Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 319, 543-545 (1992; Zbl 0772.11028)]). The author also mentions his new result that \[ |S_N|\leq \pi (N)q^{-0.01\varepsilon } \] for \(f(x)=(x+a)^{\alpha }(x+b)^{\beta }\), \(a\not \equiv b\pmod q\) which gives an asymptotic formula for the number of primes \(p\leq N\) for which both \((p+a)^\alpha \) and \((p+b)^\beta \) are primitive roots \(\operatorname {mod} q\). Finally, the author adds related open problems.
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