scientific article; zbMATH DE number 2138317
Geometric theory, characteristics, transformations in context of PDEs (35A30) Soliton equations (35Q51) NLS equations (nonlinear Schrödinger equations) (35Q55) Inverse spectral and scattering methods for infinite-dimensional Hamiltonian and Lagrangian systems (37K15) Relations of infinite-dimensional Hamiltonian and Lagrangian dynamical systems with infinite-dimensional Lie algebras and other algebraic structures (37K30)
The aim of this paper is threefold. First the authors extend the Drinfel'd-Sokolov hierarchy from the viewpoint of the Sato-Wilson dressing method. The extended version includes the derivative nonlinear Schrödinger (\(\partial\)NLS) equation, which does not fall into the category of the ``generalized Drinfel'd-Sokolov hierarchy introduced by \textit{M. F. de Groot, T. J. Hollowood} and \textit{J. L. Miramontes } [Commun. Math. Phys. 145, No. 1, 57--84 (1992; Zbl 0749.35044)]. Secondly the authors describe the affine Weyl group symmetry of the \(\partial\)NLS hierarchy. They construct two types of Bäcklund transformations for the hierarchy. An interesting feature of the NLS and \(\partial\)NLS equations is their connection to the fourth Painlevé equation (P\(_{\text{IV}}\)), which has two parameters. \textit{M. J. Ablowitz, A. Ramani} and \textit{H. Segur} [J. Math. Phys. 21, No. 5, 1006--1015 (1980; Zbl 0445.35057)] showed that the self-similar solutions to \(\partial\)NLS satisfy P\(_{\text{IV}}\) with a special choice of parameters. \textit{M. Jimbo} and \textit{T. Miwa} [Physica D 4, No. 1, 26--46 (1981/82)] showed, in their study of the monodromy-preserving deformations of linear ordinary differential equations, that P\(_{\text{IV}}\) is obtained as a similarity reduction of the NLS equation. Thirdly, the authors give a systematic framework for the similarity reductions of the \(\partial\)NLS hierarchy that gives P\(_{\text{IV}}\) with full parameters. They also discuss a relation to the monodromy preserving deformations. The \(\partial\)NLS hierarchy is associated with the affine Lie algebra of type \(A^{(1)}_1\). The authors' method may be applied to other types of affine Lie algebras. For example, certain choices of Heisenberg subalgebra in the Lie algebra \(A^{(1)}_2\) lead to the Yajima-Oikawa hierarchy and the fifth Painlevé equation [\textit{T. Kikuchi, T. Ikeda} and \textit{S. Kakei}, J. Phys. A 36, No. 45, 11465--11480 (2003; Zbl 1040.37065)].
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