Algebraic aspects of Abelian sandpile models

DOI10.1088/0305-4470/28/4/009MaRDI QIDQ4889286zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors Philippe Ruelle, Siddhartha Sen, Daya-Nand Verma, Deepak Dhar

Publication date 8 October 1996

Published in Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and General (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/cond-mat/9408022

zbMATH Keywords

Abelian sandpile models

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Formal languages and automata (68Q45) Statistical thermodynamics (82B30)

Abstract: The abelian sandpile models feature a finite abelian group $G$ generated by the operators corresponding to particle addition at various sites. We study the canonical decomposition of $G$ as a product of cyclic groups $G=Z_{d_1}imes{Z}_{d_2}imes{Z}_{d_3}>\mathrm{...}imes{Z}_{d_g}$ where $g$ is the least number of generators of $G$, and $d_i$ is a multiple of $d_{i+1}$. The structure of $G$ is determined in terms of the toppling matrix $Delta$. We construct scalar functions, linear in height variables of the pile, that are invariant under toppling at any site. These invariants provide convenient coordinates to label the recurrent configurations of the sandpile. For an $LimesL$ square lattice, we show that $g=L$. In this case, we observe that the system has nontrivial symmetries, transcending the obvious symmetries of the square, viz. those coming from the action of the cyclotomic Galois group Gal${}_L$ of the $2(L+1)$--th roots of unity (which operates on the set of eigenvalues of $Delta$). We use Gal${}_L$ to define other simpler, though under-complete, sets of toppling invariants.

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