The Equilateral Pentagon at Zero Angular Momentum: Maximal Rotation through Optimal Deformation

DOI10.1137/110853868zbMATH Open1352.70049arXiv1111.1246OpenAlexW2151546547MaRDI QIDQ4904531FDOQ4904531

Authors: William Tong, H. R. Dullin 

Publication date: 30 January 2013

Published in: SIAM Journal on Applied Dynamical Systems (Search for Journal in Brave)

Abstract: A pentagon in the plane with fixed side-lengths has a two-dimensional shape space. Considering the pentagon as a mechanical system with point masses at the corners we answer the question of how much the pentagon can rotate with zero angular momentum. We show that the shape space of the equilateral pentagon has genus 4 and find a fundamental region by discrete symmetry reduction with respect to symmetry group D_5. The amount of rotation Delta heta for a loop in shape space at zero angular momentum is interpreted as a geometric phase and is obtained as an integral of a function B over the region of shape space enclosed by the loop. With a simple variational argument we determine locally optimal loops as the zero contours of the function B. The resulting shape change is represented as a Fourier series, and the global maximum of Delta heta approx 45degree is found for a loop around the regular pentagram. We also show that restricting allowed shapes to convex pentagons the optimal loop is the boundary of the convex region and gives Delta heta approx 19degree.

Full work available at URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/1111.1246

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zbMATH Keywords

symmetry reductiongeometric phaseshape spaceequilateral pentagonoptimal shape deformation

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Classical or axiomatic geometry and physics (51P05) Symmetries and conservation laws, reverse symmetries, invariant manifolds and their bifurcations, reduction for problems in Hamiltonian and Lagrangian mechanics (70H33) Symmetry properties of polytopes (52B15)

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