scientific article; zbMATH DE number 1429681
Let \(\rho\) be an assignment designating an ideal \(\rho(A)\) to each ring \(A\), and let us consider the following properties \(\rho\) may have: (a) \(f(\rho(A))\subseteq\rho(f(A))\) for every homomorphism \(f\colon A\to f(A)\); (b) \(\rho(A/\rho(A))=0\) for every ring \(A\); (c) \(\rho\) is complete: \(B=\rho B\triangleleft A\) implies \(B\subseteq\rho(A)\) for every ring \(A\); (d) \(\rho\) is idempotent: \(\rho(\rho(A))=\rho(A)\) for every ring \(A\). \(\rho\) is called a preradical if it satisfies (a). A preradical \(\rho\) which satisfies also (b) is said to be a Hoehnke radical. A complete and idempotent preradical is called a Plotkin radical. D. S. Passman defined an assignment \(A\to N^*(A)\) for every ring \(A\) by \(N^*(A)=\{a\in A\mid aS\) is nilpotent for all finitely generated subrings \(S\) of \(A\}\) and proved that \(N^*(A)\) is an ideal of \(A\). The authors prove that the following three conditions are equivalent: (i) \(A\) is a Levitzki radical ring: \(A={\mathcal L}(A)\); (ii) \(A\) is a Passman radical ring \(A=N^*(A)\); (iii) for all \(a\in A\) and finite subsets \(F\subseteq A\), \(aF\) is nilpotent. Let \(M=\{A\mid\) every nonzero ideal \(I\) of \(A\) contains an element \(a\in I\) and a finite subset \(F\subseteq I\) such that \(aF\) is not nilpotent\}; \(M^*=\{A\mid\) every nonzero ideal \(I\) of \(A\) contains an element \(a\in I\) and a finitely generated subring \(S\subseteq I\) such that \(aS\) is not nilpotent\}. The authors prove \(M=M^*=S{\mathcal L}\), the class of all Levitzki semisimple rings. The authors then define locally \(f\)-solvable rings in terms of a polynomial in noncommutative variables with integral coefficients and without linear terms and they prove that the locally \(f\)-solvable rings form a special radical class. The concept of locally \(f\)-solvable rings is a generalization of PI rings. Under certain conditions on \(f\), the structure of primitive rings with a nonzero locally \(f\)-solvable radical is described. In particular, a locally \(f\)-solvable ring modulo its Köthe nil radical satisfies a standard identity. Using this result, the authors prove that in the class of locally \(f\)-solvable rings Köthe's problem has a positive solution as well as some versions of Kurosh's problem. In the final section of the paper, it is shown that designating to an alternative ring its associator ideal is a complete Hoehnke radical with Kurosh-Amitsur radical class. It is also shown that the alternative rings with associative semiprime factor rings form a Kurosh-Amitsur radical class which is the upper radical of the special class of all nonassociative alternative prime rings.
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