Continuity of near-duality maps and characterizations of ideal spaces of measurable functions
continuous selectionsHahn-Banach extension theoremmultivalued mappingsnear duality mappingperturbationspreideal spaces of vector-valued functions
Set-valued set functions and measures; integration of set-valued functions; measurable selections (28B20) Duality and reflexivity in normed linear and Banach spaces (46B10) Spaces of measurable functions ((L^p)-spaces, Orlicz spaces, Köthe function spaces, Lorentz spaces, rearrangement invariant spaces, ideal spaces, etc.) (46E30) Spaces of vector- and operator-valued functions (46E40) Set-valued operators (47H04)
This paper studies the near duality mapping \({\mathcal F}_\rho\) of a normed linear space \(X\), allowing slight perturbations by an error \(\rho\geq 0\); precisely, for \(x\in X\), \({\mathcal F}_\rho(x)\) consists of all linear functionals \(f\in X^*\) which satisfy \(f(x)=\|x\|^2\) and \(\|f\|\leq\|x\|(1+ \rho)\). The sets \({\mathcal F}_\rho(x)\) are always convex, but their nonemptyness uses the axiom of choice (via the Hahn-Banach extension theorem). The main result of this paper is Theorem 1.2, which proves nice continuity properties of the multivalued mappings \({\mathcal F}_\rho\), for \(\rho>0\): Let \(c\geq 0\) be such that \({\mathcal F}_c(x)\neq\emptyset\) for each \(x\in X\). Then for each \(\rho>c\) the mapping \({\mathcal F}_\rho\) is lower semicontinuous. Moreover, \({\mathcal F}_\rho\) is upper semicontinuous if and only if \(X\) has finite dimension. It is also proved (assuming the axiom of choice) that all the mappings \({\mathcal F}_\rho\) (for \(\rho>0\)) are upper semicontinuous with respect to the \(\text{weak}^*\) topology and admit continuous selections. The existence of continuous selections is further used to derive an interesting characterization of the preideal spaces of vector-valued functions. Precisely, let \(X\) be a normed linear space, consisting of measurable functions (from a \(\sigma\)-finite measure space \(S\), into a normed linear space \(Y\)). Then \(X\) is a peideal space (i.e., if \(x\in X\) and \(|z|\leq x\) for a measurable function \(z: S\to Y\) imply \(z\in X\) and \(\|z\|\leq\|x\|\)) if and only if the unit ball of \(X\) is invariant under multiplication with functions from the unit ball of \(L_\infty(S,L(Y))\). For the entire collection see [Zbl 0934.00032].
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