Non-classical polynomials and the inverse theorem

Abstract: In this note we characterize when non-classical polynomials are necessary in the inverse theorem for the Gowers

U^{k}

-norm. We give a brief deduction of the fact that a bounded function on

m a t h b b F_{p}^{n}

with large

U^{k}

-norm must correlate with a classical polynomial when

k l e q p + 1

. To the best of our knowledge, this result is new for

k = p + 1

(when

p > 2

). We then prove that non-classical polynomials are necessary in the inverse theorem for the Gowers

U^{k}

-norm over

m a t h b b F_{p}^{n}

for all

k g e q p + 2

, completely characterizing when classical polynomials suffice.

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