Generalized transition fronts for one-dimensional almost periodic Fisher-KPP equations

DOI10.1007/S00205-016-1056-1MaRDI QIDQ509957zbMATH OpenOpenAlexWikidataFDO

Publication date 16 February 2017

Published in Archive for Rational Mechanics and Analysis (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/1511.03104

generalized transition fronts one-dimensional periodic Fisher-KPP equations time-global solution

Traveling wave solutions (35C07) Estimates of eigenvalues in context of PDEs (35P15) PDEs in connection with biology, chemistry and other natural sciences (35Q92) Population dynamics (general) (92D25)

Abstract: This paper investigates the existence of generalized transition fronts for Fisher-KPP equations in one-dimensional, almost periodic media. Assuming that the linearized elliptic operator near the unstable steady state admits an almost periodic eigenfunction, we show that such fronts exist if and only if their average speed is above an explicit threshold. This hypothesis is satisfied in particular when the reaction term does not depend on x or (in some cases) is small enough. Moreover, except for the threshold case, the fronts we construct and their speeds are almost periodic, in a sense. When our hypothesis is no longer satisfied, such generalized transition fronts still exist for an interval of average speeds, with explicit bounds. Our proof relies on the construction of sub and super solutions based on an accurate analysis of the properties of the generalized principal eigenvalues.

Review text

The authors are concerned with one-dimensional Fisher-KPP equations of the type \[ u_t-(a(x)u_x)_x = c(x)u(1-u),\quad t \in \mathbb{R}, \; x \in \mathbb{R}, \eqno{(1)} \] with coefficients \(a \in \mathcal{C}^1(\mathbb{R}), c \in \mathcal{C}(\mathbb{R})\) satisfying the following assumptions: \[ \inf_{\mathbb{R}} a> 0, \quad \inf_{\mathbb{R}} c>a, a', c \] are almost periodic. According to \textit{H. Berestycki} and \textit{F. Hamel} [Commun. Pure Appl. Math. 65, No. 5, 592--648 (2012; Zbl 1248.35039)] a generalized transition front of equation (1) is a time-global solution \(u\) for which there exists a function \(X : \mathbb{R} \to \mathbb{R}\) such that \[ {\lim}_{x\to -\infty} u(t, x+X(t)) = 1, \quad {\lim}_{x\to -\infty}( u(t, x+X(t)) = 0, \eqno{(2)} \] uniformly in \(t \in \mathbb{R}\). \( u\) has \({\lim}_{t-s \to +\infty} \frac{X(t) - X(s)}{t- s} = w.\) Travelling fronts and pulsating travelling fronts are particular instances of generalized transition fronts, with \(X(t) = wt.\) The basic goal of this article is the investigation of the the existence of generalized transition fronts for Fisher-KPP equations in one-dimensional, almost periodic media. The characterization of the minimal average speed of generalized transition fronts involves, as in periodic media [\textit{G. Nadin}, J. Math. Pures Appl. (9) 92, No. 3, 232--262 (2009; Zbl 1182.35074)], the eigenfunctions of the linearized operator near the unstable steady state \(u \equiv 0\), that is, \[ \mathcal{L}\phi:=(a(x)\phi')'+ c(x)\phi. \eqno{(3)} \] Besides the almost periodicity of the coefficients, it is assume the following: Hypothesis 1. The operator \(\mathcal{L}\) admits an a.p. positive eigenfunction, that is, there exists an a.p. positive function \(\phi_1 \in \mathcal{C}^2(\mathbb{R})\) such that \(\mathcal{L}\phi_1= \lambda_1\phi_11\) in \(\mathbb{R}.\) Proposition 1. The following properties hold for all \(\gamma > \lambda_1\): \((i)\) There exists a unique positive solution \(\phi_{\gamma}\in \mathcal{C}^2(\mathbb{R})\) of \[ \mathcal{L}\phi_{\gamma} = \gamma \phi_{\gamma} \quad in \quad \mathbb{R},\quad \phi_{\gamma}(0) = 1,\quad {\lim}_{x\to +\infty}\phi_{\gamma}(x) = 0. \eqno{(5)} \] \((ii)\) There exists the limit \(\mu(\gamma):= -{\lim}_{{x\to \pm \infty}}\frac{1}{x}\ln\phi_{\gamma}(x)>0\). The main result of the article is presented in the following Theorem. Let \(\mu(\gamma)\) be as in Proposition 1. Then, under Hypothesis 1, there exists \(w^*:= \min_{\gamma>\lambda_1}\frac{\gamma}{\mu(\gamma)}>0\) and the following properties hold: \((i)\) For all \(w\geqq w^*\): there exists a time-increasing generalized transition front with average speed \(w\); for \(w>w^*\), the front can be written as \(u(t, x) = U(\int_0^x \sigma-t, x)\),where \(\sigma \in \mathcal{C}(\mathbb{R})\) is a.p. and has average \(1/w\) and \(U = U(z, x)\) is a.p. in x uniformly in \(z \in \mathbb{R}\). \((ii)\) There are no generalized transition fronts with average speed \(w<w^*\).

Recommendations

Cites work

Cited in

(28)

This page was built for publication: Generalized transition fronts for one-dimensional almost periodic Fisher-KPP equations

Report a bug (only for logged in users!)Click here to report a bug for this page (MaRDI item Q509957)