On the notions of upper and lower density

axiomatization logarithmic density asymptotic (or natural) density upper and lower densities analytic density Buck density Banach (or uniform) den- sity Pólya density

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Probability theory on algebraic and topological structures (60B99) Functional equations for functions with more general domains and/or ranges (39B52) Density, gaps, topology (11B05) Real- or complex-valued set functions (28A10)

Abstract: Let

be the power set of

. We say that a function

is an upper density if, for all

and

, the following hold: (F1)

; (F2)

m u^{a} s t (X) l e m u^{a} s t (Y)

if

X s u b s e t e q Y

; (F3)

m u^{a} s t (X c u p Y) l e m u^{a} s t (X) + m u^{a} s t (Y)

; (F4)

m u^{a} s t (k c d o t X) = f r a c 1 k m u^{a} s t (X)

, where

k c d o t X := k x : x i n X

; (F5)

m u^{a} s t (X + h) = m u^{a} s t (X)

. We show that the upper asymptotic, upper logarithmic, upper Banach, upper Buck, upper Polya, and upper analytic densities, together with all upper

a l p h a

-densities (with

a l p h a

a real parameter

g e - 1

), are upper densities in the sense of our definition. Moreover, we establish the mutual independence of axioms (F1)-(F5), and we investigate various properties of upper densities (and related functions) under the assumption that (F2) is replaced by the weaker condition that

m u^{a} s t (X) l e 1

for every

. Overall, this allows us to extend and generalize results so far independently derived for some of the classical upper densities mentioned above, thus introducing a certain amount of unification into the theory.

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