Koopman Operators and the 3x+1-Dynamical System

DOI10.1137/20M1348182MaRDI QIDQ5164902zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors John Leventides, Costas Poulios

Publication date 15 November 2021

Published in SIAM Journal on Applied Dynamical Systems (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/2010.12987

zbMATH Keywords

discrete dynamical systems\(C^{\ast}\)-algebrasCollatz conjectureKoopman operators

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Dynamical systems and the theory of (C^*)-algebras (37A55) Orbit growth in dynamical systems (37C35) Operators on Banach spaces (47B01)

Abstract: The $3x+1$-problem (or Collatz problem) is a notorious conjecture in arithmetic. It can be viewed as iterating a map and, therefore, it is a dynamical system on the discrete space $mathbbN$ of natural numbers. The emerging dynamical system is studied in the present work with methods from the theory of Koopman operators and $C^{\ast }$-algebras. This approach enables us to "lift" the $3x+1$-dynamical system from the state space (i.e the set $mathbbN$) to spaces of functions defined on the state space, i.e. to sequence spaces. The advantage of this lifting is that the Collatz problem can be described via bounded linear operators, which consist an extensively studied area of Analysis. We study the properties of these operators and their relationship to the $3x+1$-problem. Furthermore, we use Fourier transform techniques to investigate the frequency content of the sequences of signs emerging from the trajectories of the Collatz map. This enables us to define an isometry on a Hilbert space. Finally, we utilize the $C^{\ast }$-algebra generated by this isometry in order to study how the sequences of signs correlate with each other.

Recommendations

• Koopman operator theory for nonautonomous and stochastic systems
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• On Matching, and Even Rectifying, Dynamical Systems through Koopman Operator Eigenfunctions
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• On Koopman and Perron-Frobenius operators of random dynamical systems

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Cited in

(6)

• Extended dynamic mode decomposition for two paradigms of non-linear dynamical systems
• A new embedding of the \(3x + 1\) dynamical system
• On Matching, and Even Rectifying, Dynamical Systems through Koopman Operator Eigenfunctions
• Functional analysis approach to the Collatz conjecture
• Koopman Operator Family Spectrum for Nonautonomous Systems
• Collatz map as a non-singular transformation

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