Functional analysis approach to the Collatz conjecture

DOI10.1007/S00025-024-02167-7arXiv2106.11859OpenAlexW3177262575MaRDI QIDQ6370968FDOQ6370968

Authors: M. Neklyudov 

Publication date: 22 June 2021

Abstract: We investigate the problems related to the Collatz map $T$ from the point of view of functional analysis. We associate with $T$ certain linear operator $mathcalT$ and show that cycles and (hypothetical) diverging trajectory (generated by $T$) correspond to certain classes of fixed points of operator $mathcalT$. Furthermore, we demonstrate connection between dynamical properties of operator $mathcalT$ and map $T$. We prove that absence of nontrivial cycles of $T$ leads to hypercyclicity of operator $mathcalT$. In the second part we show that the index of operator $Id-mathcalTinmathcalL(H^2(D))$ gives upper estimate on the number of cycles of $T$. For the proof we consider the adjoint operator $mathcalF=mathcal{T}^{\ast }$ [ mathcal{F}: g o g(z^2)+frac{z^{-frac{1}{3}}}{3}left(g(z^{frac{2}{3}})+e^{frac{2pi i}{3}}g(z^{frac{2}{3}}e^{frac{2pi i}{3}})+e^{frac{4pi i}{3}}g(z^{frac{2}{3}}e^{frac{4pi i}{3}}) ight), ] first introduced by Berg, Meinardus in cite{BM1994}, and show it does not have non-trivial fixed points in $H^2(D)$. Moreover, we calculate resolvent of operator $mathcalF$ and as an application deduce equation for the characteristic function of total stopping time $sigm{a}_{infty}$. Furthermore, we construct an invariant measure for $mathcalT$ in a slightly different setup, and investigate how the operator $mathcalT$ acts on generalized arithmetic progressions.

Full work available at URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00025-024-02167-7

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Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Special sequences and polynomials (11B83) Dynamical aspects of measure-preserving transformations (37A05) Relations between ergodic theory and number theory (37A44)

Cited In (1)

• Collatz map as a non-singular transformation

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