A refined version of Grothendieck's birational anabelian conjecture for curves over finite fields

Abstract: In this paper we prove a refined version of Uchida's theorem on isomorphisms between absolute Galois groups of global fields in positive characteristics, where one "ignores" the information provided by a "small" set of primes.

Review text

Let \(K\) be the function field of a proper, smooth, geometrically irreducible curve over a finite field \(k\) of characteristic \(p\). Let \(K^{\text{sep}}\) be a separable closure of \(K\), and let \(\overline{k}\) be the algebraic closure of \(k\) in \(K\). Then we can consider the absolute Galois group \(G_K = \text{Gal} (K^{\text{sep}} \mid K)\) and its subgroup \(\overline{G}_K = \text{Gal} (K^{\text{sep}} \mid K \overline{k})\). Let \(\Sigma\) be a set of prime numbers not containing the characteristic \(p\), with complement \(\Sigma'\), and let \(\mathcal{C}\) be the class of finite groups whose cardinality is divisible only by primes in \(\Sigma\). Let \(\overline{G}_K^{\Sigma}\) be the maximal pro-\(\mathcal{C}\) quotient of \(\overline{G}_K\), and let \(G_K^{(\Sigma)} = G_K / \ker (\overline{G}_K \to \overline{G}_K^{\Sigma})\) be the geometrically pro-\(\Sigma\) Galois group of \(K\). The authors impose two conditions on \(\Sigma\). The second of these conditions, called \((\epsilon_X)\), is too technical to consider in this review, but the first can be explained succinctly: it is the demand that the \(\Sigma'\)-cyclotomic character \(G_k \to \prod_{\ell \in \Sigma' \setminus \left\{ p \right\}} \mathbb{Z}_{\ell}^{\times}\) be not injective. The authors call this the \textit{\(k\)-largeness condition}. Cofinite sets of primes \(\Sigma\) always satisfy both of the aforementioned conditions. The main result of the authors in the following. Let \(K\) and \(L\) be two algebraic functions fields as considered above, and let \(\Sigma_X\), \(\Sigma_Y\) be sets of primes such that \(\Sigma_X\) is \(k\)-large and satisfies condition \((\epsilon_X)\). Then any isomorphism of profinite groups \(\sigma : G_K^{(\Sigma_X)} \to G_L^{(\Sigma_Y)}\) arises from an isomorphism of field extensions \(L^{\sim} \to K^{\sim}\) between the corresponding subfields of \(L^{\text{sep}}\) and \(K^{\text{sep}}\). These results generalize those in [\textit{M. Saïdi} and \textit{A. Tamagawa}, Publ. Res. Inst. Math. Sci. 45, No. 1, 135--186 (2009; Zbl 1188.14016)], which are in turn a generalization of a seminal theorem by \textit{K. Uchida} [Ann. Math. (2) 106, 589--598 (1977; Zbl 0372.12017)]. The article has a clear writing style and takes great care to summarize its argumentation in the introduction. New tools are the aforementioned \(k\)-largeness condition and the use of pseudo-functions, or in other words elements of \(K^{\times} / k^{\times} \left\{ \Sigma' \right\}\), interpreted as classes of rational functions modulo \(\Sigma'\)-primary constants. These tools are combined with the fundamental theorem of projective geometry to obtain the main result.

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