Matrix semigroups over semirings

DOI10.1142/S0218196720500010MaRDI QIDQ5221279zbMATH OpenWikidataFDO

Authors Marianne Johnson, Munazza Naz, Victoria Gould

Publication date 25 March 2020

Published in International Journal of Algebra and Computation (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/1907.12518

abundant matrix semigroups semirings regular Fountain idempotent generated

Ordered abelian groups, Riesz groups, ordered linear spaces (06F20) Semigroups of transformations, relations, partitions, etc. (20M20) General structure theory for semigroups (20M10)

Abstract: The multiplicative semigroup

M_{n} (F)

of

n i m e s n

matrices over a field

F

is well understood, in particular, it is a regular semigroup. This paper considers semigroups of the form

M_{n} (S)

, where

S

is a semiring, and the subsemigroups

U T_{n} (S)

and

U_{n} (S)

of

M_{n} (S)

consisting of upper triangular and unitriangular matrices. Our main interest is in the case where

S

is an idempotent semifield, where we also consider the subsemigroups

U T_{n} (S^{*})

and

U_{n} (S^{*})

consisting of those matrices of

U T_{n} (S)

and

U_{n} (S)

having all elements on and above the leading diagonal non-zero. Our guiding examples of such

S

are the 2-element Boolean semiring

m a t h b b B

and the tropical semiring

m a t h b b T

. In the first case,

M_{n} (m a t h b b B)

is isomorphic to the semigroup of binary relations on an

n

-element set, and in the second,

M_{n} (m a t h b b T)

is the semigroup of

n i m e s n

tropical matrices. Il'in has proved that for any semiring

R

and

n > 2

, the semigroup

M_{n} (R)

is regular if and only if

R

is a regular ring. We therefore base our investigations for

M_{n} (S)

and its subsemigroups on the analogous but weaker concept of being Fountain (formerly, weakly abundant). These notions are determined by the existence and behaviour of idempotent left and right identities for elements, lying in particular equivalence classes. We show that certain subsemigroups of

M_{n} (S)

, including several generalisations of well-studied monoids of binary relations (Hall relations, reflexive relations, unitriangular Boolean matrices), are Fountain. We give a detailed study of a family of Fountain semigroups arising in this way that has particularly interesting and unusual properties.

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