Revisiting Noether's Theorem on constants of motion
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Publication:5230936
Abstract: In this paper we revisit Noether's theorem on the constants of motion for Lagrangian mechanical systems in the ODE case, with some new perspectives on both the theoretical and the applied side. We make full use of invariance up to a divergence, or, as we call it here, Bessel-Hagen (BH) invariance. By recognizing that the Bessel-Hagen (BH) function need not be a total time derivative, we can easily deduce nonlocal constants of motion. We prove that we can always trivialize either the time change or the BH-function, so that, in particular, BH-invariance turns out not to be more general than Noether's original invariance. We also propose a version of time change that simplifies some key formulas. Applications include Lane-Emden equation, dissipative systems, homogeneous potentials and superintegrable systems. Most notably, we give two derivations of the Laplace-Runge-Lenz vector for Kepler's problem that require space and time change only, without BH invariance, one with and one without use of the Lagrange equation.
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Cited in
(7)- Nonlocal and nonvariational extensions of Killing-type equations
- Energy dependent integrability
- Nonlocal constants of motion and first integrals in higher-order Lagrangian dynamics
- Moving energies hide within Noether’s first theorem
- First integrals of nonlinear differential equations from nonlocal constants
- Conserved currents from nonlocal constants in relativistic scalar field theories
- Lagrangian dynamics by nonlocal constants of motion
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