Categories in control

zbMATH Open1316.18009arXiv1405.6881MaRDI QIDQ5261936FDOQ5261936

Authors: John Baez, Jason Erbele 

Publication date: 8 July 2015

Abstract: Control theory uses "signal-flow diagrams" to describe processes where real-valued functions of time are added, multiplied by scalars, differentiated and integrated, duplicated and deleted. These diagrams can be seen as string diagrams for the symmetric monoidal category FinVect_k of finite-dimensional vector spaces over the field of rational functions k = R(s), where the variable s acts as differentiation and the monoidal structure is direct sum rather than the usual tensor product of vector spaces. For any field k we give a presentation of FinVect_k in terms of the generators used in signal flow diagrams. A broader class of signal-flow diagrams also includes "caps" and "cups" to model feedback. We show these diagrams can be seen as string diagrams for the symmetric monoidal category FinRel_k, where objects are still finite-dimensional vector spaces but the morphisms are linear relations. We also give a presentation for FinRel_k. The relations say, among other things, that the 1-dimensional vector space k has two special commutative dagger-Frobenius structures, such that the multiplication and unit of either one and the comultiplication and counit of the other fit together to form a bimonoid. This sort of structure, but with tensor product replacing direct sum, is familiar from the "ZX-calculus" obeyed by a finite-dimensional Hilbert space with two mutually unbiased bases.

Full work available at URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/1405.6881

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zbMATH Keywords

control theoryFrobenius algebradagger-compact categorybialgebragraphical calculussignal flow diagram

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Bialgebras (16T10) Research exposition (monographs, survey articles) pertaining to systems and control theory (93-02)

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