The A Priori Tan \Theta Theorem for Eigenvectors

Abstract: Let

A

be a self-adjoint operator on a Hilbert space

f H

. Assume that the spectrum of

A

consists of two disjoint components

s i g m a_{0}

and

s i g m a_{1}

such that the convex hull of the set

s i g m a_{0}

does not intersect the set

s i g m a_{1}

. Let

V

be a bounded self-adjoint operator on

f H

off-diagonal with respect to the orthogonal decomposition

f H = f H_{0} o p l u s f H_{1}

where

f H_{0}

and

f H_{1}

are the spectral subspaces of

A

associated with the spectral sets

s i g m a_{0}

and

s i g m a_{1}

, respectively. It is known that if

| V | < s q r t 2 d

where

d = d i s t (s i g m a_{0}, s i g m a_{1}) > 0

then the perturbation

V

does not close the gaps between

s i g m a_{0}

and

s i g m a_{1}

. Assuming that

f

is an eigenvector of the perturbed operator

A + V

associated with its eigenvalue in the interval

(m i n (s i g m a_{0}) - d, m a x (s i g m a_{0}) + d)

we prove that under the condition

| V | < s q r t 2 d

the (acute) angle

h e t a

between

f

and the orthogonal projection of

f

onto

f H_{0}

satisfies the bound

a n h e t a l e q f r a c | V | d

and this bound is sharp.

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