Classical randomness in quantum measurements
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Publication:5316097
Abstract: Similarly to quantum states, also quantum measurements can be "mixed", corresponding to a random choice within an ensemble of measuring apparatuses. Such mixing is equivalent to a sort of hidden variable, which produces a noise of purely classical nature. It is then natural to ask which apparatuses are "indecomposable", i. e. do not correspond to any random choice of apparatuses. This problem is interesting not only for foundations, but also for applications, since most optimization strategies give optimal apparatuses that are indecomposable. Mathematically the problem is posed describing each measuring apparatus by a positive operator-valued measure (POVM), which gives the statistics of the outcomes for any input state. The POVM's form a convex set, and in this language the indecomposable apparatuses are represented by extremal points--the analogous of "pure states" in the convex set of states. Differently from the case of states, however, indecomposable POVM's are not necessarily rank-one, e. g. von Neumann measurements. In this paper we give a complete classification of indecomposable apparatuses (for discrete spectrum), by providing different necessary and sufficient conditions for extremality of POVM's, along with a simple general algorithm for the decomposition of a POVM into extremals. As an interesting application, "informationally complete" measurements are analyzed in this respect. The convex set of POVM's is fully characterized by determining its border in terms of simple algebraic properties of the corresponding POVM's.
Let \(H\) be a finite dimensional Hilbert space and \({\mathcal P}_{N}\) for some finite \(N\in {\mathbb N}\) the convex set of positive operator-valued measures (POVM) on \(H\) with \(N\) outcomes. Furthermore, assume that the spectrum of the POVMs is purely discrete. The authors provide within this setting a characterisation of the extremal points in \({\mathcal P}_{N}\) and give several criteria to decide whether or not an element in \({\mathcal P}_{N}\) is extremal. In generalising the results about extremality the boundary of \({\mathcal P}_{N}\) is characterised. As a simple example serves the POVM for a qubit with two outcomes. In an appendix an algorithm for the decomposition of internal points into extremals is provided. A motivation of the work is the possibility of a random choice of measuring apparatuses for quantum measurements.
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