Classical randomness in quantum measurements
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Publication:5316097
DOI10.1088/0305-4470/38/26/010zbMATH Open1079.81009arXivquant-ph/0408115OpenAlexW2019322343WikidataQ62107201 ScholiaQ62107201MaRDI QIDQ5316097FDOQ5316097
Authors: P. Lo Presti, Paolo Perinotti, Giacomo Mauro D'Ariano 
Publication date: 12 September 2005
Published in: Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and General (Search for Journal in Brave)
Abstract: Similarly to quantum states, also quantum measurements can be "mixed", corresponding to a random choice within an ensemble of measuring apparatuses. Such mixing is equivalent to a sort of hidden variable, which produces a noise of purely classical nature. It is then natural to ask which apparatuses are "indecomposable", i. e. do not correspond to any random choice of apparatuses. This problem is interesting not only for foundations, but also for applications, since most optimization strategies give optimal apparatuses that are indecomposable. Mathematically the problem is posed describing each measuring apparatus by a positive operator-valued measure (POVM), which gives the statistics of the outcomes for any input state. The POVM's form a convex set, and in this language the indecomposable apparatuses are represented by extremal points--the analogous of "pure states" in the convex set of states. Differently from the case of states, however, indecomposable POVM's are not necessarily rank-one, e. g. von Neumann measurements. In this paper we give a complete classification of indecomposable apparatuses (for discrete spectrum), by providing different necessary and sufficient conditions for extremality of POVM's, along with a simple general algorithm for the decomposition of a POVM into extremals. As an interesting application, "informationally complete" measurements are analyzed in this respect. The convex set of POVM's is fully characterized by determining its border in terms of simple algebraic properties of the corresponding POVM's.
Full work available at URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0408115
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