The GL_n(q)-module structure of the symmetric algebra around the Steinberg module.

coinvariant algebras composition multiplicities finite general linear groups highest weights Hilbert series irreducible modules simple modules Steinberg module symmetric algebras

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Actions of groups on commutative rings; invariant theory (13A50) Modular representations and characters (20C20) Representations of finite groups of Lie type (20C33) Representation theory for linear algebraic groups (20G05) Linear algebraic groups over finite fields (20G40)

Abstract: We determine the graded composition multiplicity in the symmetric algebra S(V) of the natural GL_n(q)-module V, or equivalently in the coinvariant algebra of V, for a large class of irreducible modules around the Steinberg module. This was built on a computation, via connections to algebraic groups, of the Steinberg module multiplicity in a tensor product of S(V) with other tensor spaces of fundamental weight modules.

Review text

Let \(\mathbb F\) be an algebraically closed field of characteristic \(p>0\) and let \(V\) denote the vector space \(\mathbb F^n\) for \(n>0\). The vector space \(V\) is naturally a module for the finite general linear group \(\text{GL}_n(q)\) of \(n\) by \(n\) invertible matrices with entries in the finite field with \(q\) elements where \(q=p^r\) for some \(r\geq 1\). Further, the symmetric algebra \(S^\bullet(V)\) is a graded module over \(\text{GL}_n(q)\). Let \(\text{GL}_n(\mathbb F)\) denote the associated algebraic group which comes with its standard root datum. For a dominant weight \(\lambda\), let \(L(\lambda)\) denote the irreducible \(\text{GL}_n(\mathbb F)\)-module of highest weight \(\lambda\). Recall that the simple modules for \(\text{GL}_n(q)\) arise as the restrictions of the \(L(\lambda)\) for those weights \(\lambda\) that are \(q\)-restricted. Of particular interest is the Steinberg module \(\text{St}_r=L((q-1)\rho)\) (where \(\rho =(n-1,n-2,\dots,1,0)\)) which is simple and projective over \(\text{GL}_n(q)\). The main objective of this paper is to determine the graded composition multiplicity of a simple \(\text{GL}_n(q)\)-module in \(S^\bullet(V)\). More precisely, let \(L(\lambda)\) denote a simple \(\text{GL}_n(q)\)-module and \(P(\lambda)\) denote its projective cover. By the ``graded composition multiplicity of \(L(\lambda)\) in \(S^\bullet(V)\) is meant the Hilbert series: \(\sum_it^i\dim\Hom_{\text{GL}_n(q)}(P(\lambda),S^i(V))\). The main result is a determination of this series for a large class of modules near \(\text{St}_r\) when \(p>n\). For example, the theorem applies to a simple module \(L(\lambda)\) with highest weight having the form \(\lambda=(q-1)\rho-\mu+k\omega_n\) where \(\mu\) is appropriately ``small, \(\omega_n=(1,1,\dots,1)\), and \(0\leq k\leq q-2\). For a special subset of modules, the multiplicity is determined without the restriction on \(p\). This recovers and extends a result for \(r=1\) of \textit{D. P. Carlisle} and \textit{G. Walker} [Proc. R. Soc. Edinb., Sect. A 113, No. 1-2, 27-41 (1989; Zbl 0698.20026)]. To obtain the main result, the authors first investigate the Steinberg module and determine the graded multiplicity of \(\text{St}_r\) not simply in \(S^\bullet(V)\) but more generally in the tensor product \(S^\bullet(V)\otimes\bigwedge^m(V)\otimes\text{Det}^k\) for \(0\leq m\leq n\), \(1\leq k\leq q-1\), where \(\bigwedge^m(V)\) denotes the \(m\)-th exterior power and \(\text{Det}\) denotes the one-dimensional determinant module. This is determined in part by translating a problem of counting certain multiplicities over \(\text{GL}_n(q)\) to a problem of counting certain multiplicities over the algebraic group \(\text{GL}_n(\mathbb F)\). More generally, this is done with \(\bigwedge^m(V)\) replaced by its dual or by tensor products of exterior powers. These results for the Steinberg module are then used to obtain the aforementioned multiplicities in \(S^\bullet(V)\) for simple modules. Finally, the authors note that the main result may be reformulated in terms of composition multiplicities in the coinvariant algebra \(S^\bullet(V)_{\text{GL}_n(q)}\). They also pose several interesting questions for further investigation.

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