scientific article; zbMATH DE number 3329111

Making use of the formulas \(F_n = (\alpha^n - \beta^n )/(\alpha - \beta)\), \(L_n = \alpha^n + \beta^n\), where \(\alpha, \beta\) are the roots of \(x^2 = x + 1\), together with various simple identities, one can produce a great number of Fibonacci and Lucas identities. For example, it follows from \[ \alpha^{2n} = (\alpha + 1)^n = \sum_{k=0}^n\binom{n}{k} \alpha^k \] that \[ F_{2n + s}=\sum_{k=0}^n\binom{n}{k} F_{k + s}, \qquad L_{2k+s}= \sum_{k=0}^n\binom{n}{k} L_{k + s} \] while from \(\alpha^3 =\alpha/(\alpha + 1) = 2\alpha+ 1\) follows \[ F_{3n+s}= \sum_{k=0}^n\binom{n}{k} 2^k F_{k+ s}, \qquad L_{3n+s}= \sum_{k=0}^n\binom{n}{k} 2^k L_{k+ s}, \] and so on. Moreover with each such identity is associated a number of related identities. For example, we mention \[ \sum_{s=0}^n(-1)^s\binom{n}{s} F_r^sF_{r(n-s)+s+k}=F_{r-1}^nF_k, \qquad \sum_{s=0}^n(-1)^{n-s}\binom{n}{s} F_{r-1}^{n-s}F_{rs+k}=F_r^nF_{n+k}, \] Additional identities of a similar kind are obtained by using \(\alpha^2+1=\alpha\sqrt 5\), \(\beta^2+1= -\beta\sqrt 5\). Somewhat more elaborate identities result by writing \((1+\alpha x)^n (1+x)^n\) or \((1+\alpha^2 x) (1 - x)^n\) in two different ways. Finally a number of identities are obtained by using known transformations of the Legendre and more generally of the Jacobi polynomials. We cite \[ \sum_{k=0}^n \binom{n}{k}^2F_{k+j}=\sum_{k=0}^n (-1){n-k}\binom{n}{k}\binom{n+k}{k}F_{2k+j-n}, \] \[ \sum_{k=0}^n \binom{n}{k}^2L_{k+j}=\sum_{k=0}^n (-1){n-k}\binom{n}{k}\binom{n+k}{k}L_{2k+j-n}. \]

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