Finding periodic solutions of ordinary differential equations via homotopy method

DOI10.1016/0096-3003(94)90079-5MaRDI QIDQ5906575zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors Xiguan Lu, Yong Li, Yi Su

Publication date 13 October 1994

Published in Applied Mathematics and Computation (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://doi.org/10.1016/0096-3003(94)90079-5

zbMATH Keywords

continuation method degree theory homotopy path periodic solutions predictor- corrector method

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Periodic solutions to ordinary differential equations (34C25)

Review text

The authors are concerned with \(x' = f(t,x)\), where \(f:R^ n \to R^ n\) is continuous, continuously differentiable in \(x\) and \(T\)-periodic in \(t\). The paper starts with the Sard theorem and the parameterized Sard theorem. The main results are expressed by Theorem 4. Starting point is the equation \(x' = f(t,x, \lambda)\), where \(f:R \times R^ n \times [0,1] \to R^ n\) is continuous, twice differentiable with respect to \((x, \lambda)\) and \(T\)-periodic in \(t\). A shooting map and a homotopy map is defined for this equation. This theorem gives necessary conditions of the ``solvability of this last equation with \(\lambda = 1\) to \(T\)- periodic solutions. This means: the equation has \(T\)-periodic solutions and some of them can be found by following some path starting at almost all points near the \(T\)-periodic solutions of the above equation with \(\lambda = 0\). Theorems 5,6,7 are special versions of Theorem 4. The existence conclusions of Theorems 6 and 7 are the same as that of Mawhin and Krasnoselskij, but with fewer assumptions. -- Key of the numerical calculation of the periodic solution is: how to compute a path of solution for \((x_ 0 (\lambda), \lambda)\), \(\lambda \in [0,1]\). Combining the degree theory and the classical continuation method a predictor-corrector method is given. In the first example \(x' = - x^ 3 + \sin 2 \pi t\), \(x(0) = x(1)\) is examined and five \((x_ 0 (\lambda), \lambda)\) homotopy paths are drawn. Calculations can be found with the right sides \(-x^ 5 + \sin 2 \pi t\) and \(-x^ 3 + \cos 2m \pi t\), too. The second example is: \(x + {1 \over 25} x' - {1 \over 5} x + {8 \over 15} x^ 3 - {2 \over 5} \cos (2 \pi t) = 0\), \(x(0) = x(1)\), \(x'(0) = x'(1)\); the homotopy path is determined and the periodic solutions are drawn on the \((x,x')\) plane.

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