This papers aims to unite two mathematical areas championed by G.-C. Rota: umbral calculus and Baxter algebras. The umbral calculus refers to algebraic combinatorics of sequences of polynomials of binomial type and other related sequences. Rota showed how this is encapsulated by a certain `umbral algebra' consisting of linear functionals on these polynomials. Baxter algebras are associative algebras equipped with an operator satisfying a relation having a parameter \(\lambda\). In the first major result of this paper, Guo shows that the umbral algebra is a free Baxter algebra with parameter \(\lambda=0\). Guo then uses this as a \textit{point de départ} to define the notion of a \(\lambda\)-umbral calculus, using the free Baxter algebra with parameter \(\lambda\). This gives rise to the construction of sequences of \(\lambda\)-binomial type. The nature of the subject requires there to be many proofs based upon manipulations of sums involving binomial coefficients. Unfortunately not all are necessary, which obscures some of the paper's intent. For example, Definition 2.1 on page 410 says that a sequence \(\{p_n(x)\}\) of power series in \(x\) has \(\lambda\)-binomial type if NEWLINE\[NEWLINE p_n(x+y)= \sum_{k=0}^n\lambda^k\sum_{i=0}^n {n \choose i}{n\choose k} p_{n+k-i}(x)p_i(y) . NEWLINE\]NEWLINE Since \(x+y=y+x\), the variables \(x\) and \(y\) may be interchanged on the right hand side, namely NEWLINE\[NEWLINE p_n(x+y)= \sum_{k=0}^n\lambda^k\sum_{i=0}^n {n \choose i}{n\choose k} p_i(x)p_{n+k-i}(y) . NEWLINE\]NEWLINE This proves Lemma 2.1, which asserts that \(\{p_n(x)\}\) has \(\lambda\)-binomial type if and only if this second equality holds. Thus the journal page of manipulations devoted to its proof was unnecessary.
- \(p\)-adic \(q\)-umbral calculus
- A generalization of the binomial coefficients
- An analytic problem whose solution follows from a simple algebraic identity
- ASCENDING CHAIN CONDITIONS IN FREE BAXTER ALGEBRAS
- Baxter algebras and combinatorial identities. I
- Baxter algebras and Hopf algebras
- Baxter algebras and shuffle products
- Hopf algebras and combinatorics
- scientific article; zbMATH DE number 3851501 (Why is no real title available?)
- scientific article; zbMATH DE number 872231 (Why is no real title available?)
- On free Baxter algebras: Completions and the internal construction
- On the foundations of combinatorial theory. VIII: Finite operator calculus
- On the structure of free Baxter algebras
- Properties of free Baxter algebras
- The Number of Partitions of a Set
- The theory of compositionals
- The umbral calculus
- The umbral calculus of symmetric functions
- Operated semigroups, Motzkin paths and rooted trees
- Differential algebraic Birkhoff decomposition and the renormalization of multiple zeta values
- Quantum statistical mechanics of the absolute Galois group
- Rota-Baxter algebras and dendriform algebras.
- On products and duality of binary, quadratic, regular operads
- Mixable shuffles, quasi-shuffles and Hopf algebras.
- FREE ROTA–BAXTER ALGEBRAS AND ROOTED TREES
- ROTA–BAXTER OPERATORS ON GENERALIZED POWER SERIES RINGS
- Baxter algebras and Hopf algebras
- ASCENDING CHAIN CONDITIONS IN FREE BAXTER ALGEBRAS
- Generating functions from the viewpoint of Rota-Baxter algebras
- Some algebras in terms of differential operators
- THE DIRICHLET HOPF ALGEBRA OF ARITHMETICS
- Rota-Baxter operators on 4-dimensional complex simple associative algebras
- BAXTER ALGEBRAS, STIRLING NUMBERS AND PARTITIONS
- The Rota-Baxter algebra structures on split semiquaternion algebra
- On weak peak quasisymmetric functions
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