On a class of nonlocal obstacle type problems related to the distributional Riesz fractional derivative

Unilateral problems for linear elliptic equations and variational inequalities with linear elliptic operators (35J86) Fractional partial differential equations (35R11) Free boundary problems for PDEs (35R35)

Abstract: In this work, we consider the nonlocal obstacle problem with a given obstacle

p s i

in a bounded Lipschitz domain

O m e g a

in

m a t h b b R^{d}

, such that

m a t h b b K_{p} s i^{s} = v i n H_{0}^{s} (O m e g a) : v g e q p s i e x t a . e . i n O m e g a e q e m p t y s e t

, given by [uinmathbb{K}_psi^s:langlemathcal{L}_au,v-u anglegeqlangle F,v-u anglequadforall vinmathbb{K}^s_psi,] for

F i n H^{- s} (O m e g a)

, the dual space of

H_{0}^{s} (O m e g a)

,

0 < s < 1

. The nonlocal operator

m a t h c a l L_{a} : H_{0}^{s} (O m e g a) o H^{- s} (O m e g a)

is defined with a measurable, bounded, strictly positive singular kernel

a (x, y)

, possibly not symmetric, by [langlemathcal{L}_au,v angle=P.V.int_{mathbb{R}^d}int_{mathbb{R}^d}v(x)(u(x)-u(y))a(x,y)dydx=mathcal{E}_a(u,v),] with

m a t h c a l E_{a}

being a Dirichlet form. Also, the fractional operator

i l d e {m a t h c a l L}_{A} = - D^{s} c d o t A D^{s}

defined with the distributional Riesz

s

-fractional derivative and a bounded matrix

A (x)

gives a well defined integral singular kernel. The corresponding

s

-fractional obstacle problem converges as

s e a r r o w 1

to the obstacle problem in

H_{0}^{1} (O m e g a)

with the operator

- D c d o t A D

given with the gradient

D

. We mainly consider problems involving the bilinear form

m a t h c a l E_{a}

with one or two obstacles, and the N-membranes problem, deriving a weak maximum principle, comparison properties, approximation by bounded penalization, and the Lewy-Stampacchia inequalities. This provides regularity of the solutions, including a global estimate in

L^{i} n f t y (O m e g a)

, local H"older regularity when

a

is symmetric, and local regularity in

W_{l o c}^{2 s, p} (O m e g a)

and

C^{1} (O m e g a)

for fractional

s

-Laplacian obstacle-type problems. These novel results are complemented with the extension of the Lewy-Stampacchia inequalities to the order dual of

H_{0}^{s} (O m e g a)

and some remarks on the associated

s

-capacity for general

m a t h c a l L_{a}

.

Review text

Summary: In this work, we consider the nonlocal obstacle problem with a given obstacle \(\psi\) in a bounded Lipschitz domain \(\Omega\) in \(\mathbb{R}^d\), such that \(\mathbb{K}^s_{\psi} = \{ v\in H^S_0 (\Omega) : v\geq \psi\) a.e. in \(\Omega\}\neq \emptyset\), given by \[ u\in \mathbb{K}^s_{\psi} : \quad \langle\mathcal{L}_a u, v-u\rangle \geq \langle F,v-u\rangle\quad \forall v\in \mathbb{K}^s_{\psi}, \] for \(F\) in \(H^{-s}(\Omega)\), the dual space of the fractional Sobolev space \(H^s_0 (\Omega), 0 < s < 1\). The nonlocal operator \(\mathcal{L}_a : H^s_0 (\Omega)\to H^{-s}(\Omega)\) is defined with a measurable, bounded, strictly positive singular kernel \(a(x, y): \mathbb{R}^d \times \mathbb{R}^d \to [0,\infty)\), by the bilinear form \[ \langle\mathcal{L}_a u,v\rangle =\mathrm{P.V.} \int_{\mathbb{R}^d}\int_{\mathbb{R}^d} \tilde{v}(x)(\tilde{u}(x)-\tilde{u}(y))a(x,y)\, dy\, dx = \mathcal{E}_a (u,v), \] which is a (not necessarily symmetric) Dirichlet form, where \(\tilde{u}, \tilde{v}\) are the zero extensions of \(u\) and \(v\) outside \(\Omega\) respectively. Furthermore, we show that the fractional operator \(\widetilde{\mathcal{L}}_A = -D^s \cdot AD^s : H^s_0 (\Omega)\to H^{-s} (\Omega)\) defined with the distributional Riesz fractional \(D^s\) and with a measurable, bounded matrix \(A(x)\) corresponds to a nonlocal integral operator \(\mathcal{L}_{k_A}\) with a well-defined integral singular kernel \(a = k_A\). The corresponding \(s\)-fractional obstacle problem for \(\widetilde{\mathcal{L}}_A\) is shown to converge as \(s \nearrow 1\) to the obstacle problem in \(H^1_0 (\Omega)\) with the operator \(-D\cdot AD\) given with the classical gradient \(D\). We mainly consider obstacle type problems involving the bilinear form \(\mathcal{E}_a\) with one or two obstacles, as well as the \(N\)-membranes problem, thereby deriving several results, such as the weak maximum principle, comparison properties, approximation by bounded penalization, and also the Lewy-Stampacchia inequalities. This provides regularity of the solutions, including a global estimate in \(L^{\infty}(\Omega)\), local Hölder regularity of the solutions when \(a\) is symmetric, and local regularity in fractional Sobolev spaces \(W^{2s,p}_{\mathrm{loc}}(\Omega)\) and in \(C^1 (\Omega)\) when \(\mathcal{L}_a =(-\Delta)^s\) corresponds to fractional \(s\)-Laplacian obstacle type problems \[ u\in \mathbb{K}^s_{\psi} (\Omega) : \quad\int_{\mathbb{R}^d} (D^s u-f) \cdot D^s (v-u) dx\geq 0 \quad \forall v\in \mathbb{K}^s_{\psi} \text{ for } f \in [L^2 (\mathbb{R}^d)]^d. \] These novel results are complemented with the extension of the Lewy-Stampacchia inequalities to the order dual of \(H^s_0 (\Omega)\) and some remarks on the associated \(s\)-capacity and the \(s\)-nonlocal obstacle problem for a general \(\mathcal{L}_a\).

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