Discriminant groups of wild cyclic quotient singularities

Actions of groups on commutative rings; invariant theory (13A50) Singularities in algebraic geometry (14B05) Global theory and resolution of singularities (algebro-geometric aspects) (14E15) Singularities of surfaces or higher-dimensional varieties (14J17)

Abstract: Let p be prime. We describe explicitly the resolution of singularities of several families of wild Z/pZ-quotient singularities in dimension two, including families that generalize the quotient singularities of type E_6, E_7, and E_8 from p=2 to arbitrary characteristics. We prove that for odd primes, any power of p can appear as the determinant of the intersection matrix of a wild Z/pZ-quotient singularity. We also provide evidence towards the conjecture that in this situation one may choose the wild action to be ramified precisely at the origin.

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Let $k$ be an algebraic closed field of characteristic $p>0$. In the present paper, wild singularities arising from actions of $G:={\mathbb Z}/p{\mathbb Z}$ on the formal power series ring $A:=k[|u,v|]$ are studied. Here ``wild refers to the fact the order of the group $G$ is not coprime to the characteristic of $k$. Under these assumptions, the quotient singularity is the closed point of $\text{Spec}(A^G)$, where $A^G$ is the ring of invariants. For a resolution of singularities, $X\to \text{Spec}(A^G)$, denote by $C_i$, $i=1,\ldots, r$, the irreducible components of the exceptional divisor, and consider the intersection matrix $N:=((C_i\cdot C_j)_X)_{1\leq i,j\leq r}\in \text{Mat}_r({\mathbb Z})$. The discriminant group $\Phi_N:={\mathbb Z}^r/N{\mathbb Z}^r$ is finite of order $|\text{det}(N)|$ and independent of the resolution. The dual graph of the resolution $\Gamma_N$ with vertices $v_1,\ldots, v_r$, where $v_i$ and $v_j$ are linked by $(C_i\cdot C_j)_X$ distinct edges when $i\neq j$. The fixed point scheme of the action $G$ on $\text{Spec}(A)$ is defined by the ideal $I:=\langle \sigma(a)-a: a\in A, \sigma\in G\rangle$. The action is {\em ramified precisely at the origin} if the radical of $K$ is the maximal ideal $\langle u, v\rangle$. Otherwise the action is said to {\em be ramified in codimension 1}. By previous results of the first author it is known that when the exceptional divisor has smooth components with normal crossings, all $C_i$ are smooth projective lines and the dual graph is a tree. Also, $|\Phi_N|=|\text{det}(N)|=p^s$. A natural question is whether all exponents are possible. Previous results of the first author led to wild quotient singularities with $|\Phi_N|=p^s$ for all $s\geq 2$. with $s\not\equiv 1$ modulo $p$. The {\em missing exponents} are $s=0$, and all $s$ with $s\equiv 1$ modulo $p$. The following result is proven: {Theorem.} For $p$ odd, all missing exponents $s\geq 0$ arise from wild ${\mathbb Z}/p{\mathbb Z}$-quotient singularities associated with an action that is ramified in codimension 1. In addition, among other results, the following are proven: {Theorem.} Let $B:=k[|x,y,z|]/\langle z^p+x^c+y^d\rangle$. Assume that $p$ does not divide $cd$. Let $g:=\text{gcd}(c,d)$. Any resolution of $\text{Spec} B$ has an intersection matrix whose associated discriminant group has order $p^{g-1}$ and is killed by $p$. When $c=pm+1$ and $d=pn+1$ for some $m.n\geq 1$, then $\text{Spec} B$ is a wild ${\mathbb Z}/p{\mathbb Z}$-quotient singularity. Let $C_n$ denote the $n$-th Catalan number and let $p\geq 3$. Let $B_\mu:=k[|x,y,z|]/\langle h\rangle$, where $\mu\in k[y]$ and \[ h:=z^p+2y^{p+1}-x^2+\sum_{n=2}^{(p+1)/2}(-1)^nC_{n-1}(\mu y)^{2p-2n}z^n. \] {Theorem.} Let $p$ be an odd prime. Then $\text{Spec} B_{\mu}$ has a resolution of singularities with dual graph $\Gamma_N$ independent of $\mu$ of the following form: \[ \begin{tikzcd} & & \overset{-(p+1)/2}\bullet \ar[d, dash] & & \\ \bullet \ar[r, "p-1", dash, dashed] & \bullet \ar[r, dash] & \bullet \ar[r, dash] & \bullet \ar[r, "p-1", dash, dashed] & \bullet \end{tikzcd} \] The associated discriminant group $\Phi_N$ has order $p$. Let $a,b\in k[|x,y|]$ be a system of parameters. Let $\mu \in k[|x,y |]$ and consider: \[ z^p-(\mu a b )^{p-1}z-a^py+b^px=0, \] and the corresponding ring, \[ B_{\mu}=B:=k[|x,y,z|]/\langle z^p-(\mu a b )^{p-1}z-a^py+b^px \rangle. \] {Theorem.} Let $B_{\mu}$ be as above and let $p$ be an odd prime. Assume that $a=y^2$ and $b=x$. Then $\text{Spec}B_{\mu}$ has a resolution of singularities with dual graph $\Gamma_N$ independent of $\mu$ of the following form: \[ \begin{tikzcd} & & \overset{-(p+1)/2}{\bullet} \ar[d, dash] \ar[r, dash] & \overset {-4}{\bullet}& \\ \bullet \ar[r, "p", dash, dashed] & \bullet \ar[r, dash] & \bullet \ar[r, dash] & \bullet \ar[r, "p-1", dash, dashed] & \bullet \end{tikzcd} \] The associated discriminant group $\Phi_N$ is trivial. {Theorem.} Let $k$ be a field of characteristic $p>0$. Let $A:=k[|u,v|]$. Then there exists an automorphism $\sigma: A\to A$ of order $p$ such that $\text{Spec}A^{(\sigma)}$is a rational double point of type $A_{p-1}$, which has discriminant group $\Phi_{A_{p-1}}$ of order $p$. Any such automorphism induces a morphism $\text{Spec} A\to \text{Spec} A^{(\sigma)}$ that must be ramified in codimension 1.

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