Stable Big Bang formation for Einstein’s equations: The complete sub-critical regime

DOI10.1090/JAMS/1015zbMATH Open1522.83257arXiv2012.05888OpenAlexW3110678515MaRDI QIDQ6043336FDOQ6043336

Authors: Grigorios Fournodavlos, Igor Rodnianski, Jared Speck 

Publication date: 5 May 2023

Published in: Journal of the American Mathematical Society (Search for Journal in Brave)

Abstract: For $(t,x)in(0,infty)imesmathbb{T}^D$, the generalized Kasner solutions are a family of explicit solutions to various Einstein-matter systems that start out smooth but then develop a Big Bang singularity as $tdownarrow0$, i.e., curvature blowup along a spacelike hypersurface. The family is parameterized by the Kasner exponents $widetilde{q}_1,cdots,widetilde{q}_{D}inmathbbR$, which satisfy two algebraic constraints. There are heuristics in the mathematical physics literature, going back more than 50 years, suggesting that the Big Bang formation should be stable under perturbations of the Kasner initial data, given say at $lbracet=1brace$, as long as the exponents are "sub-critical" in the following sense: $mathop{ma{x}_{I,J,B=1,cdots,D}}_{I<J}widetilde{q}_I+widetilde{q}_J-widetilde{q}_B<1$. Previous works have shown the stability of the singularity under stronger assumptions: 1) the Einstein-scalar field system with $D=3$ and $widetilde{q}_{1}approxwidetilde{q}_{2}approxwidetilde{q}_{3}approx1/3$ or 2) the Einstein-vacuum equations for $Dgeq39$ with $ma{x}_{I=1,cdots,D}|widetilde{q}_I|<1/6$. We prove that the Kasner singularity is dynamically stable for emph{all} sub-critical Kasner exponents, thereby justifying the heuristics in the full regime where stable monotonic-type curvature blowup is expected. We treat the $1+D$-dimensional Einstein-scalar field system for $Dgeq3$ and the $1+D$ dimensional Einstein-vacuum equations for $Dgeq10$. Moreover, for the Einstein-vacuum equations in $1+3$ dimensions, where instabilities are in general expected, we prove that all singular Kasner solutions have stable Big Bangs under polarized $U(1)$-symmetric perturbations of their initial data. Our results hold for open sets of initial data in Sobolev spaces without symmetry, apart from our work on polarized $U(1)$-symmetric solutions.

Full work available at URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/2012.05888

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zbMATH Keywords

constant mean curvatureKasner solutionssingularity theorembig bangcurvature singularityFermi-Walker transportgeodesically incompletestable blowuptransported spatial coordinatesHawking's theoremmaximal globally hyperbolic development

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Hyperbolic and elliptic geometries (general) and generalizations (51M10) Singularity in context of PDEs (35A21) Geodesics in global differential geometry (53C22) Einstein's equations (general structure, canonical formalism, Cauchy problems) (83C05) Asymptotic procedures (radiation, news functions, (mathcal{H} )-spaces, etc.) in general relativity and gravitational theory (83C30) Space-time singularities, cosmic censorship, etc. (83C75) Relativistic cosmology (83F05) Einstein equations (35Q76) Transport processes in time-dependent statistical mechanics (82C70) Geometrodynamics and the holographic principle (83E05)

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Cited In (11)

• Stable big bang formation in near-FLRW solutions to the Einstein-scalar field and Einstein-stiff fluid systems
• Regularization of the big bang singularity with a time varying equation of state w > 1
• Nonlinear wave equation in a cosmological Kaluza Klein spacetime
• Future global existence of homogeneous solutions to the Einstein-Boltzmann system with soft potentials
• Localized big bang stability for the Einstein-scalar field equations
• Future dynamics of FLRW for the massless-scalar field system with positive cosmological constant
• Well-posedness of anisotropic and homogeneous solutions to the Einstein-Boltzmann system with a conformal gauge singularity
• A regime of linear stability for the Einstein-scalar field system with applications to nonlinear Big Bang formation
• Kasner-like behaviour for subcritical Einstein-Matter systems
• Violent nonlinear collapse in the interior of charged hairy black holes
• On the nature of Hawking's incompleteness for the Einstein-vacuum equations: the regime of moderately spatially anisotropic initial data

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