Examples and corrections concerning R^i-sets

DOI10.1016/J.TOPOL.2023.108661MaRDI QIDQ6073667zbMATH OpenFDO

Authors Patricia Pellicer-Covarrubias, Claudia Solís-Said, Pablo Vázquez-Cárdenas

Publication date 18 September 2023

Published in Topology and its Applications (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TOPOL.2023.108661

$R^i$ continuum continuum hereditarily incoherent continuum subcontinuum

Convergence in general topology (sequences, filters, limits, convergence spaces, nets, etc.) (54A20) Continua and generalizations (54F15) Topological spaces of dimension (leq 1); curves, dendrites (54F50)

Review text

The purpose of the paper under review is to provide correct counterexamples to several propositions regarding the properties of $R^1$-, $R^2$- and $R^3$-continua and their generalizations, in an effort to ``redo incorrect counterexamples, previously published by other authors. Veracity of the previously published claims is not questioned, only the proofs. The central proposition at issue comes from [\textit{W. J. Charatonik}, Topology Appl. 23, 207--216 (1986; Zbl 0605.54021)] and states that for a continuum $X$ and an $R^i$-continuum $K$ of $X$, with $i$ equal to 1 or 2 or 3, there exists an $R^3$-continuum of $X$ contained in $K$. A counterexample, claiming the existence of a continuum $X$ and an $R^1$-continuum $K$ of $X$ which does not contain any $R^3$-continua of $X$ has been published in [\textit{C. J. Rhee} et al., Bull. Korean Math. Soc. 31, No. 1, 105--113 (1994; Zbl 0798.54046)]. The authors of the paper under review demonstrate that the latter is false and provide their own counterexample. They also point out, following [\textit{S. T. Czuba}, in: Geometric topology. 75--79 (1980; Zbl 0486.54032)] that the proposition in question remains true for a hereditarily unicoherent continuum $X$. There are two additional claims from [\textit{B. S. Baik} et al., J. Korean Math. Soc. 34, No. 2, 309--319 (1997; Zbl 0890.54034)], which come under review in the current paper. They are: 1) There exists a continuum that contains a disconnected $R^1$-set which is not an $R^3$-set. 2) There exists a continuum that contains a disconnected $R^3$-set which is not $R^1$-set. The authors demonstrate that the proofs provided in [loc. cit.] are incorrect. The claims, however, stand and are validated by new examples in the paper under review.

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