Connection Problem of the First Painlevé Transcendent Between Poles and Negative Infinity

DOI10.1137/21M1465251MaRDI QIDQ6086802zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors

Publication date 10 November 2023

Published in SIAM Journal on Mathematical Analysis (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/2112.09528

zbMATH Keywords

Airy functionconnection formulafirst Painlevé transcendentparabolic cylinder functiontritronquée solutionuniform asymptotics

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Bessel and Airy functions, cylinder functions, ({}_0F_1) (33C10) Perturbations, asymptotics of solutions to ordinary differential equations (34E10) Stokes phenomena and connection problems (linear and nonlinear) for ordinary differential equations in the complex domain (34M40) Painlevé and other special ordinary differential equations in the complex domain; classification, hierarchies (34M55) Isomonodromic deformations for ordinary differential equations in the complex domain (34M56)

Abstract: We consider a connection problem of the first Painlev'{e} equation ($mathrm{P}_I$), trying to connect the local behavior (Laurent series) near poles and the asymptotic behavior as the variable $t$ tends to negative infinity for real $mathrm{P}_I$ functions. We get a classification of the real $mathrm{P}_I$ functions in terms of $(p,H)$ so that they behave differently at the negative infinity, where $p$ is the location of a pole and $H$ is the free parameter in the Laurent series. Some limiting-form connection formulas of $mathrm{P}_I$ functions are obtained for large $H$. Specifically, for the real tritronqu'{e}e solution, the large-$n$ asymptotic formulas of $p_n$ and $H_n$ are obtained, where $p_n$ is the $n$-th pole on the real line in the ascending order and $H_n$ is the associated free parameter. Our approach is based on the complex WKB method (also known as the method of uniform asymptotics) introduced by Bassom, Clarkson, Law and McLeod in their study on the connection problem of the second Painlev'{e} transcendent [Arch. Rational Mech. Anal., 1998, pp. 241-271]. Several numerical simulations are carried out to verify our main results. Meanwhile, we obtain the phase diagram of PI~solutions in the $(p,H)$ plane, which somewhat resembles the Brillouin zones in solid-state physics. The asymptotic and numerical results obtained in this paper partially answer Clarkson's open question on the connection problem of the first Painlev'{e} transcendent.

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Cited in

(6)

• On the connection problem for Painlevé I
• Connection problem of the first Painlevé transcendents with large initial data
• Connection problem of the first Painlev\'{e} transcendents with large initial data
• On the asymptotics of real solutions for the Painlevé \(\mathrm{I}\) equation
• Full asymptotic expansion of monodromy data for the first Painlevé transcendent: applications to connection problems
• Classification of the real Painlevé I transcendents by zeros and connection problems: an asymptotic study

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