On semi-classical weight functions on the unit circle

DOI10.1016/J.JAT.2023.105957MaRDI QIDQ6094597zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors Cleonice F. Bracciali, Karina S. Rampazzi, Luana L. Silva Ribeiro

Publication date 10 October 2023

Published in Journal of Approximation Theory (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.16182

difference equations orthogonal polynomials on the unit circle semi-classical weight functions structure relations

Other special orthogonal polynomials and functions (33C47) Orthogonal functions and polynomials, general theory of nontrigonometric harmonic analysis (42C05)

Abstract: We consider orthogonal polynomials on the unit circle associated with certain semi-classical weight functions. This means that the Pearson-type differential equations satisfied by these weight functions involve two polynomials of degree at most 2. We determine all such semi-classical weight functions and this also includes an extension of the Jacobi weight function on the unit circle. General structure relations for the orthogonal polynomials and non-linear difference equations for the associated complex Verblunsky coefficients are established. As application, we present several new structure relations and non-linear difference equations associated with some of these semi-classical weight functions.

Review text

In this contribution the authors deal with weight functions \(\omega(\theta), \theta\in [0, 2\pi]\) such that there exist Laurent polynomials \(A(z), B(z)\) in such a way a Pearson-type differential equation \(\frac{\omega'(\theta)}{\omega(\theta)}= \frac{ B(e^{i\theta})-i e^{i\theta} \frac{dA(e^{i\theta})}{d e^{i\theta}}}{A (e^{i\theta})}\) holds. This kind of weight functions are known in the literature as semi-classical weights on the unit circle (see [\textit{M. Alfaro} and \textit{F. Marcellán}, ``Recent trends in orthogonal polynomials on the unit circle, in: Orthogonal polynomials and their applications (1990); \textit{C. Brezinski} (ed.) et al., Orthogonal polynomials and their applications. Proceedings of the third international symposium held in Erice, Italy, June 1-8, 1990. Basel: J. C. Baltzer (1991; Zbl 0812.00027); \textit{A. P. Magnus}, ``MAPA 3072 A. Special topics in approximation theory: semi-classical orthogonal polynomials on the unit circle (2013), \url{http://perso.uclouvain.be/alphonse.magnus}]. The attention is focused on the case where deg \((A)\leq 2\) and deg\((B)\leq 2.\) This analysis was stated in the seminal paper [\textit{A. Cachafeiro} and \textit{C. Suárez}, J. Comput. Appl. Math. 85, No. 1, 123--144 (1997; Zbl 0888.42013)]. A complete description of such weights is provided in the manuscript under review together with the structure relations that the corresponding sequences of monic orthogonal polynomials satisfy. A nonlinear difference equations of the Verblunsky coefficients is also studied in some particular cases. In [\textit{M. E. H. Ismail} and \textit{N. S. Witte}, J. Approx. Theory 110, No. 2, 200--228 (2001; Zbl 0982.33004)], a general analysis of ladder operators associated with a weight \(\omega(\theta)= e^{- v(\theta)},\) with some extra assumptions about the function \(v,\) is presented. Thus you have an analogue of the structure relation. They are explicitly given for the circular Jacobi orthogonal polynomials, the Jacobi polynomials on the unit circle and the modified Bessel orthogonal polynomials (the corresponding weight is \(\omega (\theta)= \frac{1}{2 \pi I_{0}(t)} e^{t cos \theta},\) where \(I_{\nu}\) is the modified Bessel function), respectively. A nonlinear second order differential equation that the corresponding Verblunsky coefficients satisfy is also obtained in this last case.

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