Symmetries and invariants for non-Hermitian Hamiltonians

DOI10.3390/MATH6070111MaRDI QIDQ6104293zbMATH OpenOpenAlexWikidataFDO

Authors Miguel Ángel Simón, Álvaro Buendía, J. G. Muga

Publication date 15 June 2023

Published in Mathematics (Search for Journal in Brave)

Copyright license Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/1805.04968

zbMATH Keywords

non-Hermitian Hamiltonianssymmetrytime-reversal

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Nonselfadjoint operator theory in quantum theory including creation and destruction operators (81Q12) Finite-dimensional groups and algebras motivated by physics and their representations (81R05)

Abstract: We discuss Hamiltonian symmetries and invariants for quantum systems driven by non-Hermitian Hamiltonians. For time-independent Hermitian Hamiltonians, a unitary or antiunitary transformation $AH{A}^{d}agger$ that leaves the Hamiltonian $H$ unchanged represents a symmetry of the Hamiltonian, which implies the commutativity $[H,A]=0$, and a conservation law, namely the invariance of expectation values of $A$. For non-Hermitian Hamiltonians, $H^{d}agger$ comes into play as a distinct operator that complements $H$ in generalized unitarity relations. The above description of symmetries has to be extended to include also $A$-pseudohermiticity relations of the form $AH=H^{d}aggerA$. A superoperator formulation of Hamiltonian symmetries is provided and exemplified for Hamiltonians of a particle moving in one-dimension considering the set of $A$ operators forming Klein's 4-group: parity, time-reversal, parity&time-reversal, and unity. The link between symmetry and conservation laws is discussed and shown to be more subtle for non-Hermitian than for Hermitian Hamiltonians.

Review text

Summary: We discuss Hamiltonian symmetries and invariants for quantum systems driven by non-Hermitian Hamiltonians. For time-independent Hermitian Hamiltonians, a unitary or antiunitary transformation \(A H A^\dagger\) that leaves the Hamiltonian \(H\) unchanged represents a symmetry of the Hamiltonian, which implies the commutativity \([H, A] = 0\) and, if \(A\) is linear and time-independent, a conservation law, namely the invariance of expectation values of \(A\). For non-Hermitian Hamiltonians, \(H^\dagger\) comes into play as a distinct operator that complements \(H\) in generalized unitarity relations. The above description of symmetries has to be extended to include also \(A\)-pseudohermiticity relations of the form \(A H = H^\dagger A\). A superoperator formulation of Hamiltonian symmetries is provided and exemplified for Hamiltonians of a particle moving in one-dimension considering the set of \(A\) operators that form Klein's 4-group: parity, time-reversal, parity\&time-reversal, and unity. The link between symmetry and conservation laws is discussed and shown to be richer and subtler for non-Hermitian than for Hermitian Hamiltonians.

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Cited in

(14)

• Degenerate eigenvalues for Hamiltonians with no obvious symmetries
• Non-Hermitian Hamiltonians and similarity transformations
• Heisenberg dynamics for non self-adjoint Hamiltonians: symmetries and derivations
• Symmetry and covariance of nonrelativistic quantum mechanics
• Two and three dimensional Hamiltonians with generalized and ordinary shape invariance symmetry
• Exceptional points and domains of unitarity for a class of strongly non-Hermitian real-matrix Hamiltonians
• Symmetries of (${N \times N}$ ) non-Hermitian Hamiltonian matrices
• Non-Hermitian Hamiltonians with unitary and antiunitary symmetries
• Quantifying algebraic asymmetry of Hamiltonian systems
• Balancing gain and loss in symmetrised multi-well potentials
• Generalized Gauge Transformation with PTPT‐Symmetric Non‐Unitary Operator and Classical Correspondence of Non‐Hermitian Hamiltonian for a Periodically Driven System
• From symmetries to commutant algebras in standard Hamiltonians
• Symmetries and Hamiltonian formalism for complex materials
• A quantum-like model of political consensus via non self-adjoint Hamiltonians

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