Solution manifolds of differential systems with discrete stated-dependent delays are almost graphs

DOI10.3934/DCDS.2023036MaRDI QIDQ6107787zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors Tibor Krisztin, Hans-Otto Walther

Publication date 3 July 2023

Published in Discrete and Continuous Dynamical Systems (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/2208.06491

zbMATH Keywords

almost graphdelay differential equationsolution manifoldstate-dependent delays with zeroes

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

General theory of functional-differential equations (34K05) Invariant manifolds of functional-differential equations (34K19) Functional-differential equations with state-dependent arguments (34K43)

Abstract: We show that for a system ${\displaystyle }$ x'(t)=g(x(t-d_1(Lx_t)),dots,x(t-d_k(Lx_t))) ${\displaystyle }$ of $n$ differential equations with $k$ discrete state-dependent delays the solution manifold, on which solution operators are differentiable, is nearly as simple as a graph over a closed subspace in $C^1([-r,0],mathbb{R}^n)$. The map $L$ is continuous and linear from $C([-r,0],mathbb{R}^n)$ onto a finite-dimensional vectorspace, and $g$ as well as the delay functions $d_{kappa}$ are assumed to be continuously differentiable.

Review text

The paper investigates the structure of the solution manifold \[ X_f = \{\phi \in U \subset C^1 \, |\, \dot \phi(0) = f(\phi)\} \] (the appropriate state space) for a class of state-dependent delay equations of the type \(\dot x(t) = f(x_t) \). These take the more concrete form \[ \dot x(t) = g[ x( t- d_1(Lx_t)), \dots, x(t- d_k(Lx_t))], \] where \(x(t) \in \mathbb{R}^n\), and the delay functionals factor over the same linear operator \(L\) with finite-dimensional range. A so called almost-graph representation over the codimension-\(n\)-space \(X_0 = \{ \phi \in C^1 \mid \dot \phi(0) = 0\}\) is obtained. This is essentially a diffeomorphic `projection' of \(X_f\) onto a subset of \(X_0\), where the kernel direction of the projection depends on the point. With \( \hat \phi := [\phi(-d_1(L\phi)), \dots, \phi(- d_k(L\phi))]\), the expression for this `projection' takes the form \(A(\phi) = \phi - g(\hat \phi) \cdot H(\hat \phi)\), with \(H\) containing appropriately chosen functions from the kernel of the operator \(L\). Contrary to earlier work, the more general assumptions in this paper have the consequence that \(\hat \phi \neq \widehat{A(\phi)}\) in general, but the difference is still small in appropriate sense. This is an important technical novelty of the paper, and gives a short construction of an almost graph representation even for delay functionals that may have zeroes. (In earlier work, a delay either had to be identically zero, corresponding to an ODE-like term, or always positive.)

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