Identification of metallic objects using spectral magnetic polarizability tensor signatures: Object classification

DOI10.1002/NME.6927MaRDI QIDQ6129652zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors Paul D. Ledger, William R. B. Lionheart

Publication date 17 April 2024

Published in International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering (Search for Journal in Brave)

Copyright license Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/2110.06624

zbMATH Keywords

finite element methodmachine learningmagnetic polarizability tensormetal detectionobject classificationreduced order model

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Bayesian problems; characterization of Bayes procedures (62C10) Classification and discrimination; cluster analysis (statistical aspects) (62H30) Finite element, Rayleigh-Ritz and Galerkin methods for boundary value problems involving PDEs (65N30) Numerical methods for partial differential equations, boundary value problems (65N99) Computational learning theory (68Q32) Artificial neural networks and deep learning (68T07) Electro- and magnetostatics (78A30) Finite element, Galerkin and related methods applied to problems in optics and electromagnetic theory (78M10) Model reduction in optics and electromagnetic theory (78M34)

Abstract: The early detection of terrorist threat objects, such as guns and knives, through improved metal detection, has the potential to reduce the number of attacks and improve public safety and security. To achieve this, there is considerable potential to use the fields applied and measured by a metal detector to discriminate between different shapes and different metals since, hidden within the field perturbation, is object characterisation information. The magnetic polarizability tensor (MPT) offers an economical characterisation of metallic objects and its spectral signature provides additional object characterisation information. The MPT spectral signature can be determined from measurements of the induced voltage over a range frequencies in a metal signature for a hidden object. With classification in mind, it can also be computed in advance for different threat and non-threat objects. In the article, we evaluate the performance of probabilistic and non-probabilistic machine learning algorithms, trained using a dictionary of computed MPT spectral signatures, to classify objects for metal detection. We discuss the importances of using appropriate features and selecting an appropriate algorithm depending on the classification problem being solved and we present numerical results for a range of practically motivated metal detection classification problems.

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• Efficient Computation of the Magnetic Polarizability Tensor Spectral Signature using POD
• Identification of Metallic Objects using Spectral MPT Signatures: Object Characterisation and Invariants
• Shape and orientation classification of objects based on their electromagnetic signatures using convolutional neural networks
• Characterising small objects in the regime between the eddy current model and wave propagation

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