Indecomposable solutions of the Yang-Baxter equation of square-free cardinality

DOI10.1016/J.AIM.2023.109221MaRDI QIDQ6135875zbMATH OpenFDO

Authors Ferran Cedó, Jan Okniński

Publication date 28 August 2023

Published in Advances in Mathematics (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/2212.06753

zbMATH Keywords

braceindecomposable solutionmultipermutation solutionset-theoretic solutionYang-Baxter equation

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Yang-Baxter equations (16T25) Primitive groups (20B15) Solvable groups, supersolvable groups (20F16)

Abstract: Indecomposable involutive non-degenerate set-theoretic solutions $(X,r)$ of the Yang-Baxter equation of cardinality $p_{1}cdots{p}_n$, for different prime numbers $p_1,ldots,p_n$, are studied. It is proved that they are multipermutation solutions of level $leqn$. In particular, there is no simple solution of a non-prime square-free cardinality. This solves a problem stated in [F. Ced'o, J. Okni'nski, Constructing finite simple solutions of the Yang-Baxter equation, Adv. Math. 391 (2021), 107968] and provides a far reaching extension of several earlier results on indecomposability of solutions. The proofs are based on a detailed study of the brace structure on the permutation group $mathcalG(X,r)$ associated to such a solution. It is proved that $p_1,ldots,p_n$ are the only primes dividing the order of $mathcalG(X,r)$. Moreover, the Sylow $p_i$-subgroups of $mathcalG(X,r)$ are elementary abelian $p_i$-groups and if $P_i$ denotes the Sylow $p_i$-subgroup of the additive group of the left brace $mathcalG(X,r)$, then there exists a permutation $sigmain{S}_n$ such that $P_{sigma(1)},,P_{sigma(1)}{P}_{sigma(2)},dots,P_{sigma(1)}{P}_{sigma(2)}cdots{P}_{sigma(n)}$ are ideals of the left brace $mathcalG(X,r)$ and $mathcalG(X,r)=P_1{P}_{2}cdots{P}_n$. In addition, indecomposable solutions of cardinality $p_{1}cdots{p}_n$ that are multipermutation of level $n$ are constructed, for every nonnegative integer $n$.

Review text

In this paper, the authors investigate finite indecomposable involutive non-degenerate set-theoretic solutions \((X, r)\) of the Yang-Baxter equation of cardinality \(p_1 \ldots p_n\), for different primes \(p_1, \ldots, p_n\). This study is mainly motivated by some issues that arose by the same authors in [Adv. Math. 391, Article ID 107968, 40 p. (2021; Zbl 1485.16032)]. The main result states that these solutions are multipermutation of level \(\leq n\), and the proof is based on the study of the brace structure on the permutation group \(G(X, r)\). More specifically, they extend the description of all indecomposable solutions of prime cardinality, obtained by \textit{P. Etingof} et al. [Duke Math. J. 100, No. 2, 169--209 (1999; Zbl 0969.81030)].

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Cited in

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