On the phases of a semi-sectorial matrix and the essential phase of a Laplacian

DOI10.1016/J.LAA.2023.07.014MaRDI QIDQ6138087zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors Dan Wang, Xin Mao, Wei Chen, Li Qiu

Publication date 5 September 2023

Published in Linear Algebra and its Applications (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/2205.07607

zbMATH Keywords

essential phaseLaplacianmajorizationmatrix small phase theoremphasesemi-sectorial matrix

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Graphs and linear algebra (matrices, eigenvalues, etc.) (05C50) Theory of matrix inversion and generalized inverses (15A09) Norms of matrices, numerical range, applications of functional analysis to matrix theory (15A60) Positive matrices and their generalizations; cones of matrices (15B48) Hermitian, skew-Hermitian, and related matrices (15B57) Numerical range, numerical radius (47A12)

Abstract: In this paper, we extend the definition of phases of sectorial matrices to those of semi-sectorial matrices, which are possibly singular. Properties of the phases are also extended, including those of the Moore-Penrose generalized inverse, compressions and Schur complements, matrix sums and products. In particular, a majorization relation is established between the phases of the nonzero eigenvalues of $AB$ and the phases of the compressions of $A$ and $B$, which leads to a generalized matrix small phase theorem. For the matrices which are not necessarily semi-sectorial, we define their (largest and smallest) essential phases via diagonal similarity transformation. An explicit expression for the essential phases of a Laplacian matrix of a directed graph is obtained.

Review text

The authors extend the results of \textit{D. Wang} et al. [Linear Algebra Appl. 593, 152--179 (2020; Zbl 1436.15025)] by investigating phases of semi-sectorial matrices. Note that an \(n\times n\) semi-sectorial matrix does not have \(n\) phases. They extend properties of the phases including those of the Moore-Penrose generalized inverse, compressions, Schur complements, matrix sums, and products. Additionally, a majorization relation is established between the phases of the nonzero eigenvalues of \(AB\) and the phases of the compressions of \(A\) and \(B\), which leads to a generalized matrix small phase theorem. The difficulty is that the matrices \(A\) and \(B\) may have different numbers of phases and \(AB\) may have another different number of nonzero eigenvalues. For the matrices which are not necessarily semi-sectorial, they consider their (largest and smallest) essential phases via a diagonal similarity transformation. Furthermore, they get an expression for the essential phases of a Laplacian matrix of a directed graph.

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Cited in

(11)

• A phase theory of multi-input multi-output linear time-invariant systems
• Synchronization of diverse agents via phase analysis
• The generalized sectorial decompositions of semi-sectorial operators
• State feedback _ synthesis of multivariable linear systems
• Phase and gain stability for adaptive dynamical networks
• Mixed singular value and phase majorization inequalities for accretive matrices
• On the necessity and sufficiency of the small phase theorem for nonlinear fading memory systems
• Matrix completion and decomposition in phase-bounded cones
• The tensor phase under a tensor-tensor product
• Stability analysis of LTV systems via gain and phase
• On the solutions of equation X^ A X = B for sector matrices

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