Maximum principles for Laplacian and fractional Laplacian with critical integrability

Maximum principles in context of PDEs (35B50) Weak solutions to PDEs (35D30) Boundary value problems for second-order elliptic equations (35J25) Fractional partial differential equations (35R11)

Abstract: In this paper, we study maximum principles for Laplacian and fractional Laplacian with critical integrability. We first consider the critical cases for Laplacian with zero order term and first order term. It is well known that for the Laplacian with zero order term

- D e l t a + c (x)

in

B_{1}

,

c (x) i n L^{p} (B_{1})

(

B_{1} s u b s e t m a t h b f R^{n}

), the critical case for the maximum principle is

p = f r a c n 2

. We show that the critical condition

c (x) i n L^{f r a c n 2} (B_{1})

is not enough to guarantee the strong maximum principle. For the Laplacian with first order term

- D e l t a + v e c b (x)

(

v e c b (x) i n L^{p} (B_{1})

), the critical case is

p = n

. In this case, we establish the maximum principle and strong maximum principle for Laplacian with first order term. We also extend some of the maximum principles above to the fractional Laplacian. We replace the classical lower semi-continuous condition on solutions for the fractional Laplacian with some integrability condition. Then we establish a series of maximum principles for fractional Laplacian under some integrability condition on the coefficients. These conditions are weaker than the previous regularity conditions. The weakened conditions on the coefficients and the non-locality of the fractional Laplacian bring in some new difficulties. Some new techniques are developed.

Review text

It is well known that, given an open connected set \(\Omega\) in \(\mathbb{R}^n\) (\(n\geq 3\)) and a function \(c:\Omega \rightarrow \mathbb{R}\), the strong maximum principle for the Schrödinger operator \(-\Delta +c(x)\) holds when \(c\in L^p(\Omega)\), for some \(p>\frac{n}{2}\), and fails if \(p<\frac{n}{2}\). The first main result of this paper states that the critical integrability condition \(c\in L^{\frac{n}{2}}(\Omega)\) is not sufficient for the validity of the strong maximum principle for the operator \(-\Delta +c(x)\), even if \(\|c\|_{L^{\frac{n}{2}}(\Omega)}>0\) is small. Next, the validity of the maximum principle is investigated for the more general operator \(-\Delta +\vec{b}(x)\nabla +c(x)\) in a smooth bounded open domain \(\Omega\), where, in this case, the critical integrability condition for the coefficient \(\vec{b}(x)\) is \(\vec{b} \in L^n(\Omega)\). As a result, the authors show that the maximum principle holds when \(\vec{b} \in L^n(\Omega)\), \(c\in L^{\frac{n}{2}}(\Omega)\), and \(\|\vec{b}\|_{L^n(\Omega)}+\|c^-\|_{L^{\frac{n}{2}}(\Omega)}\) is small. As a corollary, the validity of a strong maximum principle for the operator \(-\Delta +\vec{b}(x)\nabla\), when \(\vec{b} \in L^n(\Omega)\) and \(\|\vec{b}\|_{L^n(\Omega)}\) is small, is derived. Finally, the authors investigate the maximum principle and the strong maximum principle for operators involving the fractional Laplacian \((-\Delta)^s\), \(s\in (0,1)\). In particular, they improve a known result on the validity of maximum principle for the distributional solutions \(u\) of \((-\Delta)^su\geq 0\) in \(\Omega\) by removing the lower semicontinuous assumption on \(u\), and (partially) extend the above results to the operator \((-\Delta)^s +\vec{b}(x)\nabla +c(x)\).

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