L₁-2-type surfaces in 3-dimensional de Sitter and anti de Sitter spaces
\(L 1\)-\(2\)-type surfaces in 3-dimensional de Sitter and anti de Sitter spaces
Local submanifolds (53B25) Local differential geometry of Lorentz metrics, indefinite metrics (53B30) Global submanifolds (53C40) Differential geometry of immersions (minimal, prescribed curvature, tight, etc.) (53C42) Global differential geometry of Lorentz manifolds, manifolds with indefinite metrics (53C50)
Let \(\mathbb{R}^4_q\) be the \(4\)-dimensional pseudo-Euclidean space with index \(q\), that is, the real vector space \(\mathbb{R}^4\) equipped with the metric \[ \langle x ,y \rangle =-\sum_{i=1}^{q}x_iy_i+\sum_{i=q+1}^{4}x_iy_i, \] where \(x=(x_1,x_2,x_3,x_4)\), \(y=(y_1,y_2,y_3,y_4)\) and \(1\leqslant q\leqslant 3\). The Lorentzian submanifold \(\mathbb{S}^3_1=\{x\in\mathbb{R}^4_1|\langle x,x\rangle =1\}\) (resp., \(\mathbb{H}^3_1=\{x\in \mathbb{R}^4_2|\langle x,x\rangle=-1\}\)) is called the three-dimensional de Sitter space (resp., anti-de Sitter space). The authors use the notation \(M^3_c\) for these two spaces, explicitly \(M^3_1=\mathbb{S}^3_1\) and \(M^3_{-1}=\mathbb{H}^3_1\). To study the orientable surfaces immersed in \(M^3_c\), they consider a special type of such surfaces, \(L_1\)-\(2\)-type surfaces defined in the preliminaries section. The main theorem of the paper states that if \(M^2_s\) (\(s=0\) for the Riemannian case, and \(s=1\) for the Lorentzian case) is an orientable \(L_1\)-\(2\)-type surface immersed in \(M^3_c\), then \(M^2_s\) has constant principal curvatures if and only if \(M^2_s\) has constant second mean curvature. In order to get the classification results they give in Section 3 four examples of surfaces immersed in \(M^3_c\): totally umbilical surfaces, standard pseudo-Riemannian products, complex circle and B-scroll. Finally, they show that an \(L_1\)-\(2\)-type surface is either an open portion of a standard pseudo-Riemannian product, or a B-scroll over a null curve, or otherwise its mean curvature, its Gaussian curvature and its principal curvatures are all nonconstant.
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