Higher-order heat equation and the Gelfand-Dickey hierarchy

DOI10.1016/J.BULSCI.2024.103399MaRDI QIDQ6190024zbMATH OpenOpenAlexWikidataFDO

Authors Plamen Iliev

Publication date 5 March 2024

Published in Bulletin des Sciences Mathématiques (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/2108.10857

zbMATH Keywords

Airy functionsbispectralityGelfand-Dickey hierarchyhigher-order heat equationrational solutions of soliton equationsSato's Grassmannian

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Relationships between algebraic curves and integrable systems (14H70) Initial value problems for higher-order parabolic equations (35K30) Completely integrable infinite-dimensional Hamiltonian and Lagrangian systems, integration methods, integrability tests, integrable hierarchies (KdV, KP, Toda, etc.) (37K10) Correspondences and other transformation methods (e.g., Lie-Bäcklund) for PDEs on manifolds (58J72)

Abstract: The goal of this paper is to study the heat kernel of the equation $partia{l}_{t}v=pmmathcalLv$, where $mathcalL=partia{l}_x^N+u_{N-2}(x)partia{l}_x^{N-2}+cdots+u_0(x)$ is an $N$-th order differential operator and the $pm$ sign on the right-hand side is chosen appropriately. Using formal pseudo-differential operators, we derive an explicit formula for Hadamard's coefficients in the expansion of the heat kernel in terms of the resolvent of $mathcalL$. Combining this formula with soliton techniques and Sato's Grassmannian, we establish different properties of Hadamard's coefficients and relate them to the Gelfand-Dickey hierarchy. In particular, using the correspondence between commutative rings of differential operators and algebraic curves due to Burchnall-Chaundy and Krichever, we prove that the heat kernel consists of finitely many terms if and only if the operator $mathcalL$ belongs to a rank-one commutative ring of differential operators whose spectral curve is rational with only one cusp-like singular point, and the coefficients $u_j(x)$ vanish at $x=infty$. Equivalently, we can characterize these operators $mathcalL$ as the rational solutions of the Gelfand-Dickey hierarchy with coefficients $u_j$ vanishing at $x=infty$, or as the rank-one solutions of the bispectral problem vanishing at $infty$.

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Cited in

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