Algebras of twisted chiral differential operators and affine localization of g-modules

DOI10.1007/S00029-010-0040-0MaRDI QIDQ621390zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors Tomoyuki Arakawa, Dmytro Chebotarov, Fyodor Malikov

Publication date 2 February 2011

Published in Selecta Mathematica. New Series (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/0810.4964

chiral differential operators representations rings of differential operators twisted differential operators vertex algebra

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Differentials and other special sheaves; D-modules; Bernstein-Sato ideals and polynomials (14F10) Kac-Moody (super)algebras; extended affine Lie algebras; toroidal Lie algebras (17B67) Vertex operators; vertex operator algebras and related structures (17B69)

Abstract: We propose a notion of algebra of {it twisted} chiral differential operators over algebraic manifolds with vanishing 1st Pontrjagin class. We show that such algebras possess families of modules depending on infinitely many complex parameters, which we classify in terms of the corresponding algebra of twisted differential operators. If the underlying manifold is a flag manifold, our construction recovers modules over an affine Lie algebra parameterized by opers over the Langlands dual Lie algebra. The spaces of global sections of "smallest" such modules are irreducible

g h a t

-modules and all irreducible

f r a k g

-integrable

g h a t

-modules at the critical level arise in this way.

Review text

As a tool to study the representation theory of simple complex Lie algebras, a twisted differential operator \({\mathcal D}^{\text{tw}}_X\) over an algebraic manifold \(X\) was proposed in [\textit{A. Beilinson} and \textit{J. Bernstein}, C. R. Acad. Sci., Paris, Sér. I 292, 15--18 (1981; Zbl 0476.14019)], as a sheaf of algebras. Then it is shown if the second Chern class of \(X\) vanishes, the language of chiral algebra can be adopted and a chiral differential operator \({\mathcal D}^{\text{ch}}_X\) is defined as a sheaf of vertex algebras [\textit{A. Beilinson} and \textit{V. Drinfeld}, Chiral algebras. Colloquium Publications. American Mathematical Society 51. Providence, RI: American Mathematical Society (2004; Zbl 1138.17300); \textit{V. Gorbounov}, \textit{F. Malikov} and \textit{V. Schechtman}, Invent. Math. 155, No. 3, 605--680 (2004; Zbl 1056.17022), hereafter, referred to as [1]]. In this paper, the twisted part of \({\mathcal D}^{\text{ch}}_X\) is extracted as twisted chiral differential operator \({\mathcal D}^{\text{ch},\text{tw}}_X\). Precisely, for each \({\mathcal D}^{\text{ch}}_X\), \({\mathcal D}^{\text{ch},\text{tw}}_X\) corresponds via chiralization, and locally, \({\mathcal D}^{\text{ch}}_X\) looks like \({\mathcal D}^{\text{ch},\text{tw}}_X\otimes H_X\), where \(H_X\) is the algebra of polynomials on \(H^1(X,\Omega^1_X\to \Omega^{2,cl}_X)\) (Th.5.2). It is also shown by using the Zhu map \({\mathcal Z}hu\), which associates each graded vertex algebra to an associative algebra [\textit{Y. Zhu}, J. Am. Math. Soc. 9, No. 1, 237--302 (1996; Zbl 0854.17034), hereafter referred to as [2]], \({\mathcal D}^{\text{tw}}_X\) is the associated sheaf of the presheaf \(U\to{\mathcal Z}hu({\mathcal D}^{\text{ch},\text{tw}}_X(U))\) (Th.4.7, cf. Th.3.1, Cor. 3.18). Let \(X= G/B\) be a flag manifold and let \(\chi: H^1(X,\Omega^1_X\to \Omega^{2,cl}_X)\) be a character, then the differential operator \({\mathcal D}^\chi\) twisted by \(\chi\) (the differential operator acting on sections of a homogeneous vector bundle induced by \(\chi\)) is essentially the same as the \({\mathfrak g}\)-module with central character determined by \(\chi\). In general, since \(H_X\) belongs to the center of \({\mathcal D}^{\text{ch},\text{tw}}_X\), the character with regular singularities \[ \chi(z)= {\chi_0\over z}+\chi_{-1}+ \chi_{-2} z+\cdots,\;\chi_j\in H^1(X,\Omega^1_X\to \Omega^{2,cl}_X), \] is defined. Then the category of \({\mathcal D}^{\text{ch},\text{tw}}_X\)-modules with central character \(\chi(z)\) is shown to be equivalent to that of \({\mathcal D}^{\chi_0}_X\)-module if \(\chi(z)\) has regular singularity and is trivial otherwise (Th.5.2). If \(X\) is a flag manifold \(G/B\) and \({\mathfrak g}\) is simple and finite-dimensional, then it is shown that the space of global sections of the corresponding \({\mathcal D}^{\text{ch},\text{tw}}_X\)-module is irreducible and isomorphic to the Weyl module over \(\widehat{\mathfrak g}\) at the critical level quotiented out by the central character (Th.6.1). To illustrate these statements, the case \(X=\mathbb P^1\) is explained in the Introduction (\S1). In \S2, after explaining a vertex algebra, a vertex algebroid is introduced as the subspace \(V_{\leq 1}= V_0+ V_1\), where \(V\) is a graded vertex algebra according to [1]. The left adjoint \(u\) of the truncation functor \(t:{\mathcal V}ert\to{\mathcal V}ert_{\leq 1}\), is called a vertex enveloping algebra functor. An algebra of chiral differential operators (CDO) over \(A\) (or \(X\) if \(A\) is the function algebra over \(X\)), is defined as the vertex enveloping algebra of a vertex algebroid \[ {\mathcal A}= A\oplus T\oplus \Omega,\quad L= \text{Der}\,A,\;\Omega= \Omega^1_A. \] Locally, CDO always exist. But globally, there is an obstruction which is the second Chern class of \(X\) (Th.2.1). This is similar to the lifting of structure group of a loop group bundle to its central extension [cf. \textit{A. Asada}, Characteristic classes of loop group bundles and generalized string classes. Differential geometry and its applications, Eger, Hungary, 1989, Colloq. Math. Soc. János Bolyai. 56, 33--66 (1992; Zbl 0806.57014)]. \S3 deals with Zhu's correspondence ([2]). After explaining the universal sheaf of twisted differential operators, the universal sheaf of twisted CDO is defined in \S4.3.1 (Th.-Def.4.5). Discussions are done under the assumption \(\dim(H^1(X,\Omega^{1,2>}_X)\) is finite. This assumption is relaxed in \S4.3.2, and the universal locally trivial sheaves of twisted (chiral resp.) differential operators \({\mathcal D}^{o,\text{tw}}_X\) and \({\mathcal D}^{o,\text{ch},\text{tw}}\) are defined. These constructions are examined when \(X\) is a flag manifold in \S4.3.3. Then Zhu's algebra of \({\mathcal D}^{\text{ch},\text{tw}}_X\) is shown to be \({\mathcal D}^{\text{tw}}_X\). \({\mathcal Z}hu({\mathcal D}^{o,\text{ch},\text{tw}}_X)={\mathcal D}^{o,\text{tw}}\) is also shown (\S4.4. Th.4.7). In \S5, modules over twisted CDO are introduced in \S5, and the functor \[ \Phi: \text{Mod}_X-{\mathcal D}^{ch,tw}_X\to \text{Mod}-{\mathcal D}^{\chi_0}_X, \] where \(\text{Mod}_X-{\mathcal D}^{\text{ch},\text{tw}}_X\) is the category of \({\mathcal D}^{\text{ch},\text{tw}}_X\)-modules, is defined. Then it is shown \(\text{Mod}_X-{\mathcal D}^{ch,tw}_X\) consists one object \(\{0\}\) unless \(\chi(z)\) has regular singularity, and if \(\chi(z)\) has regular singularity, this functor is exact. This functor also defined replacing \({\mathcal D}^{\text{ch},\text{tw}}_X\), etc., by \({\mathcal D}^{o,\text{ch},\text{tw}}\), etc., and exact if \(\chi(z)\) has a regular singularity (Th.5.2). This is the main result of the paper. In \S6, the last section, chiral modules over a flag manifold are studied as examples and a detailed study on the unique irreducible highest weight module over \(\widehat{sl}_2\) at the critical level is done (Th.6.2). As conclusion, the authors say the category of \({\mathcal D}^{ch,tw}_{G/B}\)-modules appears to be a cross between the Bernstein-Beilinson localization of \({\mathfrak g}\)-modules to the flag manifold and localization of \(\widehat{\mathfrak g}\)-modules at the critical level to the semi-infinite flag manifold.

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