Phase transition between two-component and three-component ground states of spin-1 Bose-Einstein condensates

MaRDI QIDQ6239278zbMATH OpenFDO

Authors Liren Lin, I-Liang Chern

Publication date 1 February 2013

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

NLS equations (nonlinear Schrödinger equations) (35Q55) Variational methods involving nonlinear operators (47J30) Optimality conditions for problems involving partial differential equations (49K20)

Abstract: For an antiferromagnetic spin-1 Bose-Einstein condensate under an applied uniform magnetic field, its ground state $(ps{i}_1,ps{i}_0,ps{i}_{-1})$ undergoes a phase transition from a two-component state ($ps{i}_{0}equiv0$) to a three-component state ($ps{i}_{j}e0$ for all $j$) at a critical value of the magnetic field. This phenomenon has been observed in numerical simulations as well as in experiments. In this paper, we provide a mathematical proof based on a simple principle found by the authors: a redistribution of the mass densities between different components will decrease the kinetic energy.

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