Isomorphism between Morse and Lagrangian Floer cohomology rings
The Piunikhin-Salamon-Schwarz (PSS) isomorphism [\textit{S. Piunikhin}, \textit{D. Salamon} and \textit{M. Schwarz}, in: C. B. Thomas (ed.), Contact and symplectic geometry. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Publ. Newton Inst. 8, 171--200 (1996; Zbl 0874.53031); \textit{J. Katić} and \textit{D. Milinković}, Differ. Geom. Appl. 22, No.~2, 215--227 (2005; Zbl 1064.37041)] is proven to preserve ring structures induced by cup products of Morse and Floer homologies of a compact manifold \(M\) and its cotangent bundle \(T^*M\), the latter being endowed with the standard symplectic form. Let \(M\) and \(T^*M\) be as above. Then, for a Morse function \(f: M\to\mathbb{R}\) and a smooth compactly supported Hamiltonian function \(H_t: T^*M\to M\), the Morse homology \(HM_*(M)\) and the Floer homology \(HF_*(M)\) are defined as homology theories with \(\mathbb{Z}_2\)-coefficients. Their boundary operators are defined by counting numbers of solutions of \[ {d\gamma\over ds}+\nabla f(\gamma)= 0,\quad \gamma(-\infty)= p,\quad \gamma(+\infty)= q, \] \[ {\partial u\over\partial s}+ J\Biggl({\partial u\over\partial t}- X_H(u)\Biggr)= 0,\quad u(-\infty, t)= x(t),\quad u(+\infty, t)= y(t), \] where \(u(s,i)\), \(i\in\{0,1\}\), is assumed to take values in \( 0_M\), the zero section of \(T^* M\). Then, the PSS-type isomorphism between \(HM_*(M)\) and \(HF_*(M)\) is defined by counting the following mixed-type object: Let \(p\) be a critical point of \(f\) and \(x\) a Hamiltonian path with ends in \(0_M\) assigned to \(H\). By using the cardinality of the pair \((\gamma,u)\), where \(\gamma\) and \(u\) satisfy the above equations and \(\gamma(0)= u(-\infty, t)\), \(E(u)= \int^\infty_{-\infty} \int^1_0 \|{\partial u\over\partial s}\|^2\,dt\,ds< \infty\), the map \(\psi: CM_k(f)\to CF_k(H)\) is defined. The PSS-type isomorphism is defined from \(\psi\). The definitions of cup product and Poincaré duality of Morse and Floer (co)homologies are also explained in \S1. In \S2, the PSS isomorphism is shown to intertwine with the cup product (Theorem 1; the authors point out that this theorem was proved in the third author's master thesis [\textit{T. Simčević}, Cup product via holomorphic disks and gradient trajectories (Serbian). Univ. Beograd (2007)]). The essential part of the proof is to show that \[ \ell_f= \psi_3\circ\ell_H\circ (\psi_1\otimes \psi_2), \] where \(\ell_f\) and \(\ell_H\) are defined on the chain groups \(CM\) and \(CF\) of Morse and Floer homologies, by which the cup product is defined. This equality is proved by introducing an auxiliary one-dimensional manifold and the use of cobordism arguments. For two Morse functions \(f^\alpha\), \(f^\beta\), there exists a canonical isomorphism \[ T^{\alpha\beta}: HM_*(f^\alpha)\to HM_*(f^\beta). \] The Morse cohomology \(HM^*(M)\) with its ring structure coming from the cup product is defined by using \(T^{\alpha\beta}\). The cohomology ring \(HF^*(T^*M)\) is similarly defined. After explaining these constructions, the PSS isomorphism is proven to induce an isomorphism \[ {\mathcal T}: (HM^*(M),\cup_M)\to (HF^*(T^*M), \cup_M), \] applying Theorem 1 (Theorem 2). An extension of Theorem 2 to the multilinear maps \[ {\mathcal O}_M: HM^{k_1}(M)\otimes\cdots\otimes HM^{k_m}(M)\to HM^{k_1+\cdots+ k_m}(M), \] \[ {\mathcal O}_F: HF^{k_1}(T^*M)\otimes\cdots\otimes HF^{k_m}(T^* M)\to HF^{k_1+\cdots+ k_m}(T^* M) \] is also given (Theorem 3).
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