Finding elementary formulas for theta functions associated to even sums of squares

DOI10.1016/J.INDAG.2011.07.002zbMATH Open1244.11044arXiv1111.0572OpenAlexW3099087851MaRDI QIDQ648946FDOQ648946

Ila Varma

Publication date: 29 November 2011

Published in: Indagationes Mathematicae. New Series (Search for Journal in Brave)

Abstract: This article discusses the classical problem of how to calculate $r_n(m)$, the number of ways to represent an integer $m$ by a sum of $n$ squares from a computational efficiency viewpoint. Although this problem has been studied in great detail, there are very few formulas given for the purpose of computing $r_n(m)$ quickly. More precisely, for fixed $n$, we want a formula for $r_n(m)$ that computes in log-polynomial time (with respect to $m$) when the prime factorization of $m$ is given. Restricting to even $n$, we can view $het{a}_n(q)$, the theta function associated to sums of $n$ squares, as a modular form of weight $n/2$ on $Gamm{a}_1(4)$. In particular, we show that for only a small finite list of $n$ can $het{a}_n$ be written as a linear combination consisting entirely of Eisenstein series and cusp forms with complex multiplication. These are the only $n$ that give rise to "elementary" formulas for $r_n(m)$, i.e. formulas such that for a prime $p$, $r_n(p)$ can be calculated in $cO(log(p))$-time. Viewing $het{a}_n(q)$ as one of the simpler examples of modular forms that are not strictly Eisenstein, this result motivates the necessity of a log-polynomial time algorithm that directly calculates the Fourier coefficients of modular forms in the generic situation when there is no such formula, as described in Couveignes and Edixhoven's forthcoming book (for level 1 cases) and Peter Bruin's Ph.D. thesis (for higher level, including 4).

Full work available at URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/1111.0572

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zbMATH Keywords

log-polynomial time algorithm

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Number-theoretic algorithms; complexity (11Y16) Sums of squares and representations by other particular quadratic forms (11E25) Theta series; Weil representation; theta correspondences (11F27)

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