Linear independence of the real numbers generated by the square and cube subsequences of Thue-Morse
Let \(b\) be an integer with \(b\ge 2\). Let \(\sigma(m)\) be the sum of digits in the binary expansion of a non-negative integer \(m\). Then, define the Thue-Morse sequence \((t(m))_{m\ge 0}\) by \(t(m)=0\) if \(\sigma(m)\) is even, \(t(m)=1\) if \(\sigma(m)\) is odd.\par In this paper, it is proved that the real numbers \[1,\quad \sum_{m=0}^\infty\frac{t(m^2)}{b^{m+1}}\quad\mathrm{and}\quad \sum_{m=0}^\infty\frac{t(m^3)}{b^{m+1}}\] are linearly independent over \(\mathbb{Q}\). \par Remark. After submitting this paper, a more general result by \textit{M. Coons} and \textit{Y. Tachiya} [Linear independence of series related to the Thue-Morse sequence along powers, Preprint, \url{arXiv:2312.06981} (2023)] appeared, stating that for \(\beta>\sqrt{(1+\sqrt{5})/2}=1.272019649\dots\) the real numbers \[1,\quad \sum_{m=1}^\infty\frac{t(m)}{b^{m}},\quad \sum_{m=1}^\infty\frac{t(m^2)}{b^{m}},\quad\dots,\quad \sum_{m=1}^\infty\frac{t(m^k)}{b^{m}},\quad, \dots \] are linearly independent over \(\mathbb{Q}(\beta)\).
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